CNS - Postconcussive syndrome Flashcards
(19 cards)
What is Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS)?
PCS is a sequela of minor head injury (MHI), characterized by persistent symptoms following a concussion, with debated causes and diagnostic criteria.
What are alternative names for Post-Concussion Syndrome?
Post-concussive syndrome or post-concussion syndrome (PCS).
How common is PCS after a first concussion?
It occurs in approximately 15–20% of first concussions.
What increases the likelihood of developing PCS?
Having a history of more than one concussion increases the risk.
Does PCS onset correlate with concussion severity or loss of consciousness?
No, PCS onset does not correlate with the severity of the concussion or whether the person lost consciousness.
How long must symptoms persist for a PCS diagnosis?
Usually when symptoms persist for 3 months or more, although timeframes vary.
How long can PCS symptoms last?
Symptoms may last a year or more, though they often dissipate on their own.
What can influence the duration of PCS symptoms?
Subsequent stressors, drug/alcohol use, or another head injury can influence symptom duration.
How is PCS treated?
Treatment focuses on symptom management and may include behavioral therapy.
Is the cause of PCS fully understood?
No, it remains unclear why some people develop PCS and others do not.
What factors may contribute to the development of PCS?
• Pre-existing health conditions
• History of psychological disorders (especially anxiety)
• Higher incidence in females
• Slight increase in incidence with age
• Possible link to expectations of financial, emotional, or other types of gain
Why is PCS considered difficult to diagnose?
Because symptoms are subjective, don’t correlate well with neurological testing, and may overlap with other conditions.
What is essential in assessing PCS?
Thorough assessment to rule out overlooked injuries, including neck injuries, and to distinguish from other conditions.
What are common symptoms of PCS?
• Recurrent/prolonged tension or migraine-type headaches
• Tinnitus
• Dizziness
• Fatigue
• Restlessness, irritability, aggression
• Apathy, demotivation
• Anxiety and depression
• Personality changes
• Insomnia
• Impaired concentration and immediate memory
• Noise and light sensitivity
• Aches and pains in various locations (can resemble fibromyalgia)
What do some experts believe causes PCS symptoms?
Structural brain damage or neurotransmitter disruption from the impact or metabolic effects of the concussion.
What is another theory for the cause of PCS symptoms?
Psychological factors, including emotional responses to trauma, depression, anxiety, and PTSD.
What is the likely relationship between physiological and psychological factors in PCS?
Both physiological and emotional factors likely play a role and are interconnected—e.g., neurotransmitter changes may cause psychological symptoms.
How do earlier vs. later PCS symptoms differ in origin according to some experts?
Earlier symptoms may have a stronger physiological basis, while later ones may be more psychological—though this distinction is debated.
What supports the theory that PCS has a mood disorder component?
PCS often responds well to mood-balancing drugs like Prozac and may also respond to massage therapy.
