Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

U17 + 18 > CNS Pathology > Flashcards

CNS Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different planes for imaging

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why do we get raised intracranial pressure

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Herniation?

A
  • Brain herniation occurs when something inside the skull produces pressure that moves brain tissues. This is most often the result of brain swelling or bleeding from a head injury, stroke, or brain tumor

Severe raised intracranial pressure can lead to this.

  • Subfalcine (below flax cerebri -dural reflection in longitudinal fissure)
  • Uncal – breaks through tentorium cerebelli
  • Tonsillar -inferior region of cerebellum, herniation through cerebellar tonsils.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two types of stroke?

A
  • Hemorrhagic stroke = weakened/diseases blood vessels rupture. Blood then leaks into bran tissue
  • Ischaemic stroke = blood clots stop the blood to an area of the brin and ischaemia leads to tissue death (infarction).
  • If it doesnt lead to infarction/tissue death it is a transient ischaemic attack
  • Can eb caused by blood clot (thrombosis) that can block an artery (embolism)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the meninges?

A
  • Three layers of membranes known as meninges protect the brain and spinal cord.
  • Dura mater
  • Pia mater
  • Arachnoid mater
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The circle of Willis - what is this?

A
  • Dual arterial supply from the internal carotids and basilar artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The middle cerebral artery shcematic and clinical consequences if problem

A

Watershed locations are those border-zone regions in the brain supplied by the major cerebral arteries where blood supply is decreased.

MCA – exist circle willis and goes through sylvian (lateral) fissure and goes on to side of brain. Supplies all lobes of brain. Common impairments seen with middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke include, but are not limited to, neglect, hemiparesis, ataxia, perceptual deficits, cognitive deficits, speech deficits, and visual disorders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Anterior and posteiror cerebral artery schematic

A

Patients with a PCA stroke may present with only a headache and mild visual changes such as vision loss, diplopia, inability to see half of the view, or difficulty reading perceiving colors, or recognizing familiar faces.

Distinctive symptoms in ACA territory infarction include altered mental status, abulia, mutism, decreased verbal fluency, aphasia, and urinary incontinence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does this image show?

A

Functional localisation in the cortex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The soamtosensory cortex

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The primary motor cortex

A

The density of cortical neurones that generate information is proportional tothe degree of control in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Blood supply to coornal section of the brain

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are astrocytes?

A
  • Astrocytes - population of cells with distinctive morphological and functional characteritics that differ within specific areas of the brain.
  • They are a cell - type of neuroglia in NS.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are olgiodendrocytes

A
  • Oligodendrocytes = myeliating glia of the CNS. Myelination of axons allows rapid saltatory conduction of nerve impulses and contirbutes to axonal integrity.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are microglial cells

A
  • Microglial Cells - specialised population of macrphages found in CNS. Remvoe damaged neurons and infectiosn and important for maintaining health of CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is this?

A
  • Liquefactive necrosis
  • Brain tissue becones digested as a result of the action of microglia, creating a viscous liquid
  • To be contrasted with gangrenous (limbs - no specific pattern), caseaous (cheeselike esp in lungs), fat necrosis (around pancreas/peritoneal cavity) and fibrinoid necrosis (blood vessels)
  • Liquefactive necrosis – result of microglial cells (immune cells of the brain). Liquefactive necrosis is where rbain tissue becomes digested as a result of action of microglial, creating viscous liquid. As opposed to gangrenous, caseous etc necrosis.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does this image show ans the types?

A
  • Haematoma - bleeding into spaces (Sub-arachnoid) or potential spaces (epidural subdural) Within meninges
  • Epidural haeatoma - typically caused by skull fracture that perforate smeningeal artery.
  • Subdural haematoma - typucall caised by soft tissue trauam that results in venous bleed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is this?

A

Epidural haematoma

19
Q

What is this?

A

subdural haematoma

20
Q
A
21
Q

Different types herniation in the brian

A

Uncal herniation – oculomotor nerve compressed, eye gaze. Uncul sits next to anterior circulation so often see similar effects to AC stroke like motor deficits, sensory deficits, confusion etc. In extreme cases can get loss movements, motor function and LMN control on side affected as can affects tracts.

Tonsillar herniation – press of brain stem. Duret haeemorrhage – in midbrain and pons, fatal usually. Compress Postrema area- known to innervate dorsal nucleus of vagus which causes vomiting.

22
Q

What view is this?

A

Coronal

23
Q

What plane is this?

A

Sagittal

24
Q

What plane is this?

A

Axial/horizontal

25
Q

What is raised intracranial pressure

A

Growing pressure inside your skull. Many things can lead to this such as: increased CF production at choroid plexus, reduced drainage CSF across arachnoid granulations, increased venous sinus pressure (venous sinus thrombosis, obesity -effects adipokines, female), increase in inflammatory or thrombophilic factors and impaired lymphatic drainage.

26
Q

What is ischaemia and infarction

A

Ischaemia = insufficient supply blood to organ or tissue. This leads to tissue death (ie cellular necrosis) which is termed infarction.

Infarction = Death of tissue resulting from failure of blood supply.

27
Q

Thrombosis and embolism def

A
  • Thrombosis = when blood clots block veins or arteries
  • Embolism = blood clot that forms in a blood vessel in one area of body, breaks off and travels to another area of the body in the blood.
28
Q

Difference between stroke and TIA

A

Stroke = serious life threatening medical condition when blood supply to the brain is cut off. Can be hemorrhagic (weakened/diseased blood vessels rupture and blood leaks into tissue) or ischaemic where blood clots stop the flow of blood t an area of the brain

TIA = temporary disruption in blood supply to part of the brain.

29
Q

Why are benign tumours in the brain often more clinically significant than benign tumours in other sites e.g the skin?

A

5 year survival of brain cancer is much lower than other cancers. For neurological components, don’t get pain from tumour as brain tissue not innervated by somatosensory nerve, you really only get symptoms due to build up of intracranial pressure which can be quite late or as result of tumoru impinging on neurological structure. Surgery and treatment is extremely challenging.

30
Q

What layer of meninges is visibl left to right

A
31
Q
A
32
Q

This is a large haemorrhage that is a result of middle cerebral artery (M1 section). This would supply a lot of lateral surface of brain

A
33
Q
A

Bleeding and vascular abnormalities all around cortex so probably blunt head trauma. Not focal

34
Q
A

Haemorrhagic stroke, more focal, will be result of haemorrhage or focal haemorrhages in lenticular striate branch of M1.

35
Q
A

Formation of viscous cyst, as a result of action of microglia causing liquefactive necrosis.

36
Q

Give three examples of pathological processes that could lead to a raised intracranial pressure.

A

Meningitis (bacterial or viral), haematoma (epidural or subdual) , tumour

37
Q

What are the mechanisms underlying cerebral oedema?

A
  • Cytotoxic- BBB remains in tact. Breakdown in metabolism neurones that leads to lack of function of Na/K+ pump so not normal concentration gradients therefore sodium flux into neurone, depletion extracellular sodium so swelling of neurone and neuronal death
  • Ionic oedema – intact BBB, but have osmotic gradient set up across BBB which leads to transfer water cross BBB down osmotic gradient hence brain swelling
  • Vasogenic oedema – BBB breaks down and so get seeping fluid into brain parenchyma and hence death neurones.
38
Q

What is a space occupying lesion? Give three examples.

A
  • Cysts – aftereffects of liquefactive cellular necrosis
  • Haematomas or haemorrhages from stroke
  • Tumours
39
Q
A
40
Q

Explain why patients with raised intra-cranial pressure develop vomiting, headache and papilloedema.

A

Raised ICP can compress brainstem affecting function of area postrema.

Raised ICP can be meningeal too. Dira mater is innervated hence why get back headache. Arachnoid mater extends down optic nerve to lamina cribrosa and makes subarachnoid space extend to head optic nerve/disct. So ophthalmology you can see papilloedema (Blurring of disc from raised ICP in subarachnoid space surrounding optic nerve)

41
Q

GCS

A
42
Q

types haemorrhage

A
43
Q

Vlood supply in brain sections to identify on images

A
44
Q

Papillooedma

A

U17 + 18 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions