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Neuroscience > CNS Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

CNS Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

What are neurotransmitters? What do they produce?

A

chemical signals from presynaptic nerve terminals where they can bind to receptors on post-synaptic cells;
transient changes in electrical properties of target cell, leading to variety of effects

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2
Q

What are the 2 major types of neurotransmitters?

A

small molecules and neuropeptides

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3
Q

Give examples of small molecules neurotransmitters. Give describe of neuropeptides.

A

small molecules: ACh, amino acids (glutamate, GABA, glycine), biogenic amines (dopamine, NE, serotonin

neuropeptides: more than 100 types, 3-36 aa long

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4
Q

How is concentration of neurotransmitter regulated?

A

neurotransmitter synthesis, packaging, release, and removal

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5
Q

What does removal of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft do?

A

terminates transmission

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6
Q

How is the specificity of a neurotransmitter determined by its life cycle?

A

life cycle specific to each neurotransmitter

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7
Q

Compare and contrast synthesis and packaging of small molecules and neuropeptides

A

SM: made in presynaptic terminal, packaged in vesicle transporters; respond fast to increased demand (made in nerve terminal)

NP:made in cell body, packaged, transported along entire axon; cannot respond rapidly to inc demand

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of neurotransmistter receptors? Describe them.

A

Ionotropic; ligand-gated ion channels that open in direct response to ligand binding (4-5 subunits); each contanin 3 or 4 transmembrane domains
-multiple subunits can be assembled to generate a diverse set of receptors

metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors
-G protein coupled receptors that activate G-proteins in response to ligand binding

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9
Q

What allows the ligand to go through the ionotropic receptors?

A

Confirmational shift allows ions to go through

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10
Q

How many subunits are combined to make a functional ionotropic receptor?

A

4 to 5 subunits

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11
Q

How many transmembrane domains are typically associated with metabotropic receptor? How is their function different from ionotropic receptors?

A

7; second messenger system used

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12
Q

Both metabotropic and ionotropic receptors exist as many different types because

A

it increases diversity of their properties and functions

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13
Q

What is acetylcholine?

A

small molecule neurotransmitter that is important for attention, arousal, and reward plasticity

enhances sensory functions upon waking

damage to cholinergic system is associated with the memory deficits in AD

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14
Q

wherew is Ach found in the PNS? CNS?

A

PNS: neuromuscular junction
synapses in ganglia of visceral motor system

CNS: interneurons in the brainstem and forebrain
large motor neurons in the basal forebrain that project to cerebral cortex
(function unclear)

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15
Q

The precursor to ACh is

A

acetyl coA and choline

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16
Q

The receptors responding to ACh are

A

ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

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17
Q

ACh is removed by____. It’s mechanism is____.

A

acetylcholinesterase; cleaves ACh into acetate and choline

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18
Q

Sarin/organophosphates are dangerous to humans because

A

inhib acetylcholinesterase and cause continued muscular depolarization–>refractory to added ACh–>results in muscular paralysis

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19
Q

ACh is packaged in

A

synaptic vesicles by a ACh transporter

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20
Q

Ionotropic ACh receptors function as____. What do they mediate?

A

excitatory cation selective channels; mediate synaptic transmission at NMJ

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21
Q

Compare and contrast neuronal and muscular receptors.

A

They both have 5 subunits, but have different compositions

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22
Q

Metabotropic ACh receptors mediate most ACh effects in the _____.

A

brain

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23
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors highly expressed?

A

forebrain

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24
Q

What is the role of muscarinic recpetors in the periphery?

A

regulate autonomic effector organs (heart, smooth muscle, etc

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25
Q

Atropine and scopalomine are useful treatments because they

A

they are ACh antagonists

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26
Q

Myasthenia Gravis onset occurs in

A

young women and old men

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27
Q

What are some of the symptoms of myasthenia gravis?

A

muscle fatigue that worsens late in the day or after repeated exercise; improves with rest

diplopia and ptosis

difficulty speaking swallowing and chewing
weakness and fatigue in arms and legs

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28
Q

Myasthenia occurs due to

A

autoimmunity; antibodies against nAChR, increased turnover of the receptors
-altered structure of NMK because of decreased AChR–>sparse and shallow junctional folds and expanded synaptic cleft

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29
Q

The major treatments for Myasthenia Gravis are

A

cholinesterase inhbitors, thymectomy, corticosteroids, and immunosuppresants

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30
Q

The most prominent transmitter in the brain is

A

Glu

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31
Q

Glu is used by nearly all ____ neurons, which make up over____ of all brain synapses`

A

excitatory; 1/2

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32
Q

How can Glu contribute to negative consequences in the brain?

A

neuronal death during stroke bc O2 deprivation slows reuptake
hypoglycemia, trauma, and repeated intense seizures

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33
Q

Can Glu pass the blood brain barrier?

A

no, but the glutamine can

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34
Q

The precursor of Glu is

A

glutamine or transamination of alpha-ketoglutarate

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35
Q

Glu is packaged into

A

sunaptic vesicles by vesicular Glu transporter

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36
Q

Glu is removed from the synaptic cledt by

A

high affinity Glu transporters on both the nerve terminal and nearby glial cells

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37
Q

What is the role of glial cells in Glu life cycle

A

covert Glu back to glutamine and transported out of the cell and into nerve terminals

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38
Q

What are the 3 types of Glu ionotropic receptors?

A

NMDA, AMPA, and kainate

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39
Q

What is special about NMDA

A

Ca can pass thru, ion flow is voltage dependent and Gly is required to open the channel

40
Q

There are ____ classes or metabotropic Glu receptors. When activated they ?

A

3; increase or decrease excitability of postsynaptic cells

41
Q

GABA and Gly are the ?
GABA is used by
Gly is used by

A

major inhibitory neurotransmitters
local interneruons and Purkinje cells of the cerebellum
Gly predominantly used at synapses in spinal cord

42
Q

GABA T is converted to ?

A

glutamate—>glutamine

43
Q

GABA is transported by

A

synaptic vesicles

44
Q

GABA is removed by

A

re-uptake into terminal and glia

45
Q

Decreased GABA can cause

A

epilepsy

46
Q

GABA is synthesized from

A

Glu using PLP from Vit. B6

47
Q

Gly is synthesized from

A

Ser in the nerve terminal

48
Q

Gly is packaged into

A

synaptic vesicels by the vesicular inhibitory transporter

49
Q

Gly is removed by

A

re-uptake into terminal and glia

50
Q

Gly in excess causes

A

neonatal diseases characterized by lethargy and mental retardation; transporters are deficient

51
Q

What types of receptors are used by Glu and GABA

A

Ionotropic: GABAa and GABAc; Gly; inhibitory Cl channels
Metabotropic: GABAb

52
Q

GABAb produces

A

inhibitory post synaptic response

53
Q

GABA angonists include

A

benzodiazephines

54
Q

Gly receptors are inhibited by ?

It is used as ?

A

strychine - rat poison because it causes overactivity in the spinal cord

55
Q

Activation of ? produces inhibitory post synaptic responses

A

GABAb

56
Q

GABA reuptake inhibitors can also be used to treat

A

anxiety and depression

57
Q

Glu is made and utilized

A

relatively ubiquitously across the brain

58
Q

Biogenic amines are synthesized, but there receptors are

A

in specific regions of brain, not ubiquitous; ubiquitous

59
Q

Biogenic amines are critical for maintaining

A

mental health

60
Q

80% of brain dopamine found in ?

Receives major input from ?

A

corpus striatum and substantia nigra

61
Q

The function of neurons in the substantia nigra

A

coordination of body movements

62
Q

What happens when there are decreased levels of dopamine? How is this treated?

A

neurons degenerate; with L DOPA in the striatum

63
Q

The midbrain dopamine center projects from the

A

ventral tegmental area to ventral parts of the striatum

64
Q

The midbrain dopamine system is involved in

A

motivation, reward, and reinforcement

65
Q

When people are on cocaine dopamine levels increase by

A

their interference with the dopamine transporters

66
Q

Dopamine plays a minor role in

A

the cortex; regulates emotional behavior (impulsivity)

67
Q

NE containing neurons are found in

A

locus coeruleus and project to a variety of forebrain and brainstem targets

68
Q

NE regulates

A

sleep and wakefulness, attention and feeding

69
Q

In the PNS NE

A

is a major transmitter of sympathetic motor system

70
Q

Catecholamine receptors are all

A

metabotropic

71
Q

Dopamine receptors act by

A

activating or inhibiting adenylyl cyclase

72
Q

Antagonists of dopamine receptors in the medulla used as

A

anti-emetics

73
Q

NE receptors are

A

alpha and beta adrenergic receptors;

74
Q

Agonists and antagonists of NE are used in

A

many conditions

75
Q

Catecholamines are removed by

A

reuptake into terminal mediated by transmitter specific membrane transporters

76
Q

cocaine causes an net increase in

A

dopamine production

77
Q

amphetamines cause net increase in

A

NE and dopamine

78
Q

Serotonin is found in

A

raphe nuclei in upper brainstem, project widely to the forebrain and brain stem

79
Q

Serotonin functions to

A

regulate sleep, eating, arousal, and wakefulness

80
Q

Drugs used to treat anxiety and depression act on

A

serotonergic neurons

81
Q

Serotonin reuptake is mediated by

A

SERT

82
Q

Metabotropic serotonin receptors are the

A

major receptors

83
Q

Metabotropic serotonin receptors function to ?
When impaired they
when activated they

A

mediate emotions, circadian rhythms, motor behaviors and mental arousal
cause psychiatric disorders
mediate satiety and decreased food consumption

84
Q

Ionotropic receptors (minority)

A

non selective excitatory channel; target for many drugs

85
Q

anti-physchotic drugs

A

block dopamine receptors suggesting excess dopamine releasemay cause some psychotic illness like schizophrenia

86
Q

anti-anxiety drugs

A

MAO inhibitors block breakdown of biogenic amines, inhibitors of serotonin receptors

87
Q

anti-depressants (3 classes)

A

MAO inhibitors, tricyclic anti depressents, SSRIs

88
Q

Peptide neurotransmitters modulate

A

emotion, perception of pain, stress response

89
Q

Biological action of peptides determined by

A

amino acid sequence

90
Q

What are the 5 categories of amino acid sequences

A

brain-gut peptides, opioids, pituitary, hypothalmic releasing, miscellaneous peptides

91
Q

Neuropeptides are synthesized by

A

cleavage of ER targeting signal from pre-propeptide, processed into propeptides in ER by removal of ER targeting signal,
final processing to individual active peptides occurs in vesicels after they bud

92
Q

peptide neurotransmitters are often coreleased with

A

small molecule neurotransmitters

93
Q

peptides are removed from the synaptic cleft by

A

peptidases

94
Q

endopeptidases

A

make more active peptides within the synaptic cleft by endopeptidases

95
Q

peptides use

A

metabotrophic receptors

96
Q

Opoid receptors are

A

widely distributed, can act as depressants, and morphine is an opioid that is one of the most effective analgesics

Neuroscience (5 decks)

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