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Pharmacology > CNS inhibitors - hypnotics, sedatives, anxiolytics and antipsychotics > Flashcards

CNS inhibitors - hypnotics, sedatives, anxiolytics and antipsychotics Flashcards

1
Q

What are psychotropic drugs?

A

Drugs of various origins that have the ability to restore disturbed mental functions - attention, learning and memory, perception, mood and emotions, thinking

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2
Q

What are the two main categories of psychotropic drugs?

A

Depriving

Excitating

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3
Q

What action do depriving psychotropic drugs have?

A

Inhibitory, depressing action

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4
Q

Give 4 types of depriving drugs

A

Sedatives
Tranquilisers
Neuroleptics
Normotimics

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5
Q

What action do excitating psychotropic drugs have?

A

Activating, stimulating type of action

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6
Q

Give four examples of excitating drugs

A

Antidepressants
Nootropics
Psychostimulants
Adaptogens

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7
Q

Are sedative drugs selective or non-selective?

A

The are non-selective increasing inhibition processes and decreasing excitation processes in all brain structures

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8
Q

What is the action of sedative drugs?

A

Elimination of emotional instability and excessive reactions to external irritants

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9
Q

Give side effects of sedative drugs

A

They cause sleepiness and reduce working ability

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10
Q

What are contraindications for sedatives?

A

Contraindicated for drivers and operators

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11
Q

Give synonyms for tranquilizative drugs

A

Anxiolytic
Ataractic
Antiphobic

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12
Q

What is the action of tranquilizative drugs?

A

Elimination of negative emotions such as internal tension, anxiety, fear etc

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13
Q

What are the indications for tranquilizers?

A

They are needed to restore working ability and emotional comfort after stress and elimination of hypochondria.
Insomnia

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14
Q

Give a side effect of tranquilizers

A

Psychic dependence

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15
Q

Give a synonym for neuroleptic drugs

A

Antipsychotics

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16
Q

What are the actions of neuroleptics?

A

Elimination of delirium, hallucinations and restoring of the critical attitude to them

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17
Q

Give some indications of neuroleptics

A

Schizophrenia
Mania
Alcohol delirium

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18
Q

What is the origin of bromides?

A

Artificial

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19
Q

How do bromides function as sedatives

A

Enhance and concentrate processes of inhibition in the brain cortex

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20
Q

How do agents obtained from plants function as sedatives?

A

Decrease the processes of stimulation in the CNS

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21
Q

What is anxiety in a medical context?

A

Anxiety is an unpleasant state of tension, apprehension or uneasiness - a fear that seems to arise from an unknown source

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22
Q

What are the most common mental disturbances?

A

Disorders involving anxiety

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23
Q

Describe the symptoms of severe anxiety

A

Similar to the symptoms of fear such as sweating, palpitations, tachycardia and trembling. This is due to sympathetic activation.

24
Q

What effect can tranquilizers have on the body?

A

Relaxation of muscles

25
Q

Give four classes of tranquilizers based on mechanism of action

A

Agonists of benzodiazepine receptors
Antagonists of benzodiazepine receptors
Agonists of serotonin receptors
Blockers of the central M - cholinoreceptors

26
Q

What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system

A

GABA

27
Q

What is the GABA-A receptor composed of?

A

2 alpha subunits, 2 beta subunits and one gamma subunit

28
Q

How is the GABA receptor activateed?

A

Two GABA molecules bind to the alpha subunits of the receptor

29
Q

What happens once the receptor is activated?

A

Negatively charged ions are allowed into the cytoplasm, which results in hyperpolarisation and the inhibition of neurotransmission

30
Q

What is the general action of barbiturates?

A

Central nervous system depressant

31
Q

What are the indications for the use of barbiturates?

A

Anxiety

Insomnia

32
Q

Name some side effects of barbiturates

A

Dependence
Overdose
Foetal dependence

33
Q

Name some contraindications for barbituates?

A

Elderly patients

Pregnant women

34
Q

What is the mechanism of action of barbiturates?

A

Binding to GABA receptors

35
Q

Give the actions of tranquilisers

A 
Tranquilising 
Sedative
Hypnotic
Central myorelaxation and inhibition of movement coordination
Anticonvulsant 
Anterograde amnesia
36
Q

Give 4 therapeutic uses of tranquilisers

A

Anxiety disorders
Sleep disorders
Seizures
Muscular disorders

37
Q

What are the two categories of types of adverse effects of benzodiazepines?

A 
Lack of tolerance
Physical dependence ( rebound withdrawal effects)
38
Q

What might cause a person to be intolerant of benodiazepines?

A 
Sedation
Memory impairment
Lack of concentration
Motor incoordination
Muscle weakness
Acute confusional state
39
Q

What rebound withdrawal effects might a patient experience upon stopping a benzodiazepine

A 
Insomnia
Anxiety
Apprehension
Irritability
Palpitations, tremor, vertigo, sweating
40
Q

What are the indications for neuroleptic drugs?

A

Schizophrenia
Manic states
Delirium
(psychotic states in general)

41
Q

What is schizophrenia?

A

A debilitating mental illness characterised by disturbances in thinking, emotional reactions and behaviour

42
Q

What are the main symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Hallucinations
Delusions
Cognitive disturbances

43
Q

What is the impact of schizophrenia on a patient’s life?

A

Persistent impairment in a patient’s social functioning and productivity.
Patients are often under medical care for the rest o their lives

44
Q

Define psychosis

A

Psychosis is a deep painful disorder of the psyche manifested in an inadequate reflection o the real world (consciousness) with behavioural disturbances, changes in mental activity (thinking, emotions, learning, memory) and accompanied by hallucinations, delusions, and psychomotor disorders.

45
Q

Is there any heritability to schizophrenia?

A

There is a strong genetic component to schizophrenia but even identical twins are not 100% concordant so there is a large environmental component

46
Q

What is the mechanism of action of neuroleptics?

A 
Blockage of D2-Dopamine receptors
Blockage of H1-Histamine receptors
Blockage of Alpha1-Adrenoceptors
Blockage of 5-HT-Receptors
Blockage of M-Cholinoreceptors
47
Q

What areas of the CNS do neuroleptics affect by blocking D2-Dopamine receptors?

A

Mesolimbic and mesocortical systems
Hypothalamus - hypophysis
Extrapyramidal system
Trigger zone of vomitive centre

48
Q

How do neuroleptics affect the mesolimbic and mesocortical systems?

A

Antipsychotic effect
Emotional indifferency
Depression

49
Q

How do neuroleptics affect the hypothalamus (hypophysis)?

A

Decreasing of body temperature

Galactorrhea (increase in prolactin production)

50
Q

How do neuroleptics affect the extrapyramidal system?

A

Symptomathetic parkinsonis, late (tardive) dyskinesia

51
Q

How do neuroleptics affect the trigger zone of the vomitive centre?

A

Anti-vomitive effect

52
Q

What effect do neuroleptics have by blocking H1-Histamine receptors?

A

Sedative effect

Anti-vomitive effect

53
Q

What effect do neuroleptics have by blocking Alpha1-Adrenoceptors?

A

Dilatation of blood vessels - decrease of blood pressure - orthostatic collapse

54
Q

What effect do neuroleptics have by blocking 5-HT-Receptors?

A

Bulemia - increasing of appetite - increasing of body weight

55
Q

What effect do neuroleptics have by blocking M-Cholinoreceptors?

A

Increase of intraocular pressure
Decrease of gland secretion
Relaxation of smooth muscles, constipation
Decreasing of extrapyramidal side effects

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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