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PH 155 > CNS Infections > Flashcards

CNS Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What composes the CNS?

A

Brain, Spinal Cord

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2
Q

Function of CNS?

A

master controller and coordinator of almost
all bodily functions

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3
Q

What encloses the brain?

A

cranial meninges
(membranous covering) and neurocranium (bony
case)

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4
Q

3 parts of the brain?

A

cerebrum,
cerebellum, and the brain stem

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5
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

Main brain parenchyma

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6
Q

What composes the meninges?

A

Calvaria and duria

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7
Q

Parts of cerebral cortex observed when meninges are removed?

A

Gyri, sulci, fissures

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8
Q

Differentiate gyri, sulci, fissures

A

Gyri (folds), sulci (grooves), fissures (clefs)

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9
Q

membranous coverings of the
brain that lie internal to the cranium

A

cranial meninges

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10
Q

Three membranous connective tissues of meninges (describe).

A

1) Dura matter/dura: outermost layer; tough,
thick, external fibrous layer

2) Arachnoid matter: middle layer; thin and
intermediate

3) Pia mater/pia: innermost layer; delicate
internal vasculated layer

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11
Q

Name for arachnoid and pia mater (and why)

A

Leptomeninges (associated together)

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12
Q

Separates pia mater from arachnoid mater

A

Subarachnoid space

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13
Q

What is contained in subarachnoid space?

A

CSF

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14
Q

clear liquid, similar to blood plasma in
constitution

A

CSF

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15
Q

CSF function

A

provides nutrients, but it has less
protein and a different ion concentration as
compared to the blood plasma

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16
Q

Separates cerebral hemispheres; within longitudinal fissure

A

Falx cerebri

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17
Q

What is falx cerebri?

A

continuation of the dura
mater, lying within the great longitudinal fissure

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18
Q

Divided into different lobes with different functions

A

Cerebrum

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19
Q

When cerebrum lobe functions
are disrupted, they are ___.

A

correlated to the location of
a corresponding neurological deficit at the brain

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20
Q

clear liquid that fills the subarachnoid space of the central nervous system; Continuously generated and reabsorbed

A

CSF

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21
Q

Production of CSF made in ___.

A

choroid plexus and
ependymal cells in the ventricles of the brain

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22
Q

Amount of CSF produced

A

400 to 500 mL/day

23
Q

Contains choroid plexus

A

Ventricles

24
Q

Site of CSF reabsorption

A

arachnoid villi

25
Q

Functions of CSF

A

Provides buoyant force
■ CSF surrounds the brain
■ It dissipates a lot of downward force that
would normally act on the organ → hence it reduces the stress on the brain and allows for it to maintain its shape
○ Protects the brain from damage secondary to sudden head movement → acts as a cushion and shock absorber
○ Regulates intracranial pressure
○ Clears CNS metabolites → since CSF is circulated, traveling through the different ventricles of the brain

26
Q

Cells in CNS? (NGMAO)

A

Neurons, Glial cells (Oligoendrocytes, Astrocytes, Microglia)

27
Q

function as tissue macrophages within the
CNS; resident dendritic cells in the CNS

A

Microglia

28
Q

Structures for protection of brain (NMBB)

A

Neurocranium, Meningeal barrier, Blood-brain barrier, Blood-CSF barrier

29
Q

One of most important sites for the control of the CNS microenvironment in homeostasis

A

Blood-Brain Barrier

30
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier composed of?

A

endothelial cells of the blood
vessels

31
Q

Location of endothelial cells?

A

inline or near the astrocytes, neurons, and pericytes

32
Q

How is pathogen penetration prevented in BBB

A

mechanical separation by the presence of specialized endothelial cells tightly attached to each other

33
Q

Mortality in CNS infections?

A

100%

34
Q

Mortality depends on what?

A

Agent, age, immune status of individual

35
Q

Tropism or preponderance
in invading neural tissue

A

neurotropism

36
Q

CNS infections categorized according to?

A

location

37
Q

CNS Infections (MERMBFR):

A

Meningitis, Encephalitis, Rhomboencephalitis, Myelitis, Brain Abscess, Focal Lesions, Radiculitis

38
Q

localized
infection; associated with
immunocompromised individuals

A

Focal lesions and brain abscess

39
Q

Locations of brain abscess:

A

Directly on brain parenchyma; depending on location with regards to dura

40
Q

intracranial focal collection of
purulent material located between
the dura mater and arachnoid
matter

A

Subdural empyema/abscess

41
Q

intracranial focal collection of
purulent material located between the
cranium and the dura

A

Epidural abscess

42
Q

Inflammation of the brain parenchyma

A

Encephalitis

43
Q

Clinical manifestations of Encephalitis (ADLPUSFFHNV)

A

○ Altered mental status (decreased level of
consciousness, lethargy, personality change,
unusual behavior) lasting at least 24 hours,
○ Seizures, and/or
○ Focal neurologic signs,
○ Fever, headache, nausea, and vomiting

44
Q

Inflammation of the meninges

A

Meningitis

45
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Meningitis (FHNVPS)

A

○ Fever
○ Headache
○ Nausea
○ Vomiting
○ Photophobia
○ Stiff neck aka nuchal rigidity

46
Q

Difference of meningitis vs encephalitis

A

Non altered sensorium

47
Q

Brainstem encephalitis

A

Rhomboencephalitis

48
Q

Clinical Manifestations of rhomboencephalitis (MTACRSC)

A

(mainly involved with balance
and respiratory functions)
○ Myoclonic jerks, tremor, ataxia, cranial nerve
involvement, respiratory abnormalities, shock,
and coma

49
Q

Inflammation of the spinal cord

A

Myelitis

50
Q

Clinical Manifestation of Myelitis (WBFR)

A

Weakness, bladder dysfunction, flaccid
paralysis, and reduced or absent reflexes

51
Q

Inflammation of the nerve roots

A

Radiculitis

52
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Radiculitis (WSDD)

A

Weakness, shooting pain, dysesthesia, and
diminished reflexes

53
Q

Why is diagnosis of CNS based on diagnostic tests?

A

A lot of pathogens infect different parts of CNS

PH 155 (1 decks)

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