CNS (I & II), GI/GU, SOAP

Question 1

gastric reflux

Answer 1

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic digestive disease. GERD occurs when stomach acid or, occasionally, stomach content, flows back into your food pipe (esophagus). The backwash (reflux) irritates the lining of your esophagus and causes GERD.

Question 2

LES

Answer 2

lower esophageal sphincter

Question 3

water brash

Answer 3

regurgitation of an excessive accumulation of saliva from the lower part of the esophagus often with some acid material from the stomach—compare heartburn

Question 4

satiety

Answer 4

the feeling or state of being sated

Question 5

dysphagia

Answer 5

difficulty or discomfort in swallowing, as a symptom of disease

Question 6

odynophagia

Answer 6

painful swallowing, in the mouth (oropharynx) or esophagus. It can occur with or without dysphagia

Question 7

coffee-ground emesis

Answer 7

Coffee ground vomitus refers to a particular appearance of vomit. Within organic heme molecules of red blood cells is the element iron, and when this iron has been exposed for some time to gastric acid, it becomes oxidized

Question 8

melena stool

Answer 8

black “tarry” feces that are associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The black color is caused by the hemoglobin in the blood being altered by digestive chemicals and intestinal bacteria

Question 9

muscularis mucosa

Answer 9

thin layer (lamina) of muscle of the gastrointestinal tract, located outside the lamina propria mucosae and separating it from the submucosa

Question 10

prodrug

Answer 10

a biologically inactive compound that can be metabolized in the body to produce a drug

Question 11

anticholiergic

Answer 11

inhibiting the physiological action of acetylcholine, especially as a neurotransmitter

Question 12

hyperosmotic laxative

Answer 12

used to relieve occasional constipation. Glycerin belongs to a class of drugs known as hyperosmotic laxatives. It works by drawing water into the intestines

Question 13

malabsorption

Answer 13

imperfect absorption of food material by the small intestine

Question 14

Diabetic gastroparesis

Answer 14

A disease of the muscles of the stomach or the nerves controlling the muscles that causes the muscles to stop working. Gastroparesis results in inadequate grinding of food by the stomach and poor emptying of food from the stomach into the intestine

Question 15

prokinetic

Answer 15

a type of drug which enhances gastrointestinal motility by increasing the frequency of contractions in the small intestine or making them stronger, but without disrupting their rhythm

Question 16

anti-motility

Answer 16

drugs used to alleviate the symptoms of diarrhea

Question 17

anti-spasmodic

Answer 17

used to relieve spasm of involuntary muscle

Question 18

BPH

Answer 18

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A common, noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland

Question 19

benign tumor

Answer 19

a mass of cells (tumor) that lacks the ability to invade neighboring tissue or metastasize; noncancerous

Question 20

corpus cavernosum

Answer 20

either of two masses of erectile tissue forming the bulk of the penis and the clitoris

Question 21

priapism

Answer 21

persistent and painful erection of the penis

Question 22

anxiolytic

Answer 22

used to reduce anxiety

Question 23

hypnotic

Answer 23

or soporific drugs, commonly known as sleeping pills, are a class of psychoactivedrugs whose primary function is to induce sleep and to be used in the treatment of insomnia (sleeplessness), or surgical anesthesia.

Question 24

sedation

Answer 24

is the reduction of irritability or agitation by administration of sedativedrugs, generally to facilitate a medical procedure or diagnostic procedure.

Question 25

amnesia

Answer 25

refers to an inability to recall information that is stored in memory. In simple terms, amnesia is the loss of memory. The causes of amnesia may be organic or functional. Organic causes of amnesia may include brain damage through injury, or the use of specific drugs - usually sedative drugs

Question 26

depression 

Answer 26

a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. Also called major depressive disorder or clinical depression, it affects how you feel, think and behave and can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems.

Question 27

euphoria

Answer 27

A feeling of well-being, commonly exaggerated and not necessarily well founded. 2. The pleasure state induced by a drug or substance of abuse

Question 28

asthenia 

Answer 28

referring to a condition in which the body lacks or has lost strength either as a whole or in any of its parts. It denotes symptoms of physical weakness and loss of strength.

Question 29

xerostomia 

Answer 29

subjective feeling of oral dryness, which is often (but not always) associated with hypofunction of the salivary glands

Question 30

QTC prolongation

Answer 30

This process is known as repolarization. In long QT syndrome, your heart muscle takes longer than normal to recharge between beats. This electrical disturbance, which often can be seen on an electrocardiogram (ECG), is called a prolonged Q-T interval.

Question 31

Anticonvulsant

Answer 31

used to prevent or reduce the severity of epileptic fits or other convulsions

Question 32

Ataxia

Answer 32

the loss of full control of bodily movements

Question 33

Tardive dyskinesia

Answer 33

a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary movements of the face and jaw.

Question 34

Dystonia

Answer 34

Tardive dystonia is a form of tardive dyskinesia. It is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions caused primarily by taking dopamine receptor blockers like antipsychotic medications

Question 35

Bradykinesia

Answer 35

Slow movement. Bradykinesia is often associated with an impaired ability to adjust the body's position. Bradykinesia can be a symptom of nervous system disorders, particularly Parkinson's disease, or a side effect of medications

Question 36

Anhedonia

Answer 36

inability to feel pleasure

Question 37

integumentary system

Answer 37

The integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside. The system comprises the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails)

Question 38

Herpes zooster

Answer 38

medical name for shingles. | a herpesvirus that causes shingles and chickenpox.

Question 39

Pityriasis versicolor

Answer 39

fungal infection of skin- causes discoloration of skin

Question 40

T. unguium

Answer 40

most often with diabetics. discoloration on nails (yellow, black, etc) = onchomycosis The most common fungus infection of the nails, also called onychomycosis. Onychomycosis makes the nails look white and opaque, thickened, and brittle

Question 41

Onychomycosis

Answer 41

The most common fungus infection of the nails, also called onychomycosis. Onychomycosis makes the nails look white and opaque, thickened, and brittle

Question 42

T. cruris

Answer 42

jock itch | dermatophyte fungal infection of the groin region in any sex, though more often seen in males

Question 43

T. corporis

Answer 43

a superficial fungal infection (dermatophytosis) of the arms and legs, especially on glabrous skin; however, it may occur on any part of the body.

Question 44

Tinea pedis

Answer 44

discoloration, itching or stuffing on foot. like athletes foot

Question 45

cross-allergenicity

Answer 45

Cross sensitivity is a medical term that means that if you have an allergy to some substance then you are much likely to have an allergy to similar substances. For example, if you are allergic to penicillin you also may be allergic to cephalosporins

Question 46

dysgeusia

Answer 46

a condition in which a foul, salty, rancid, or metallic taste sensation will persist in the mouth

Question 47

thrombocytopenia

Answer 47

deficiency of platelets in the blood. This causes bleeding into the tissues, bruising, and slow blood clotting after injury

Question 48

leukopenia

Answer 48

a reduction in the number of white cells in the blood, typical of various diseases.

Question 49

neutropenia

Answer 49

the presence of abnormally few neutrophils in the blood, leading to increased susceptibility to infection. It is an undesirable side effect of some cancer treatments.

Question 50

pharyng- / sinus-itis

Answer 50

pharyngitis- inflammation of the back of the throat, known as the pharynx. It typically results in a sore throat and fever. Other symptoms may include a runny nose, cough, headache, a hoarse voice. sinusitis- characterized by inflammation of the lining of the paranasal sinuses

Question 51

angio- / laryngeo-edema

Answer 51

angioedema= Quincke's edema, and angioneurotic edema, is the rapid swelling (edema) of the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, mucosa and submucosal tissues. It is very similar to urticaria, but urticaria, commonly known as hives, occurs in the upper dermis laryngeal edema= Edema of the larynx, usually resulting from allergic reaction and causing airway obstruction unless treated.

Question 52

cytokine

Answer 52

any of a number of substances, such as interferon, interleukin, and growth factors, that are secreted by certain cells of the immune system and have an effect on other cells.

Question 53

nosocomial infection

Answer 53

hospital-acquired infection

Question 54

hapten / immunogen / allergen

Answer 54

hapten = a small molecule that, when combined with a larger carrier such as a protein, can elicit the production of antibodies that bind specifically to it (in the free or combined state). immunogen = a particular substance, such as an antigen or epitope, to provoke an immune response in the body of a human or animal allergen = a substance that causes an allergic reaction

Question 55

bactericidal / bacteriostatic

Answer 55

Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria directly, and bacteriostatic antibiotics stop bacteria from growing.

Question 56

hypersensitivity

Answer 56

a set of undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity.

Question 57

superinfection

Answer 57

infection occurring after or on top of an earlier infection, especially following treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Question 58

candidiasis

Answer 58

infection with candida, especially as causing oral or vaginal thrush.

Question 59

hepatotoxicity

Answer 59

The capacity of a drug, chemical, or other exposure to produce injury to the liver

Question 60

diplopia

Answer 60

technical term for double vision.

Question 61

perineal hygiene

Answer 61

washing the genitals and anal area

Question 62

disulfiram reaction

Answer 62

Flushing, fast heartbeats, nausea, thirst, chest pain, vertigo, and low blood pressure may occur when alcohol is ingested during disulfiram therapy. Do not take disulfiram for at least 12 hours after drinking alcohol. Reactions may occur from drinking alcohol for several weeks after you have stopped taking disulfiram.

Question 63

Red Man’s Syndrome

Answer 63

an infusion-related reaction peculiar to vancomycin [3]. It typically consists of pruritus, an erythematous rash that involves the face, neck, and upper torso