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CNS Final Exam > CNS Final Exam > Flashcards

CNS Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

The “roof” of the midbrain

A

Tectum

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2
Q

Posterior to the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT (of Sylvius)

A

Tectum

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3
Q

The tectum contains this important reflex structure

A

QUADRIGEMINAL PLATE made up of the 4 colliculi (2 inferior and 2 superior)

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4
Q

This structure of the tectum deals with seeing and visual input

A

Superior colliculi

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5
Q

This structure of the tectum deals with hearing or auditory input

A

inferior colliculi

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6
Q

This part of the midbrain connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

A

Cerebral Aqueduct (of Sylvius)

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7
Q

Serves as a channel for CSF exchange between the third and 4th ventricles

A

Cerebral Aqueduct (of Sylvius)

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8
Q

This structure surrounds the cerebral aqueduct

A

Periaqueductal gray

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9
Q

Periaqueductal gray is the apparent origin for what cranial nerves

A

Cranial nerve nuclei III and IV

Endorphins and enkephalins are also found here

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10
Q

This midbrain structure is located ventral to the cerebral aqueduct

A

cerebral peduncles

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11
Q

This structure of the cerebral peduncles (of midbrain) is located VENTRAL to the aqueduct

A

Tegmentum

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12
Q

A structure of the cerebral peduncles that contains the MEDIAL LEMNISCUS and includes the inferior part of the PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY and RED NUCLEUS

A

Tegmentum

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13
Q

This structure of the midbrain’s cerebral peduncles is located toward the MIDDLE of the peduncle and in the SUPERIOR part of the Diecephalon

A

Substantia Nigra

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14
Q

This midbrain structure separates the tegmentum from the curs cerebri

A

Substantia nigra

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15
Q

This midbrain structure is found on the VENTRAL and lateral aspect of the cerebral peduncles

A

Crus cerebri

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16
Q

This cranial nuclei is located on the POSTERIOR aspect of the brainstem and is the SMALLEST of the cranial nerves

A

Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear N)

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17
Q

This cranial nerve innervates the SUPERIOR OBLIQUE of the extraocular eye muscles

A

Cranial nerve IV (trochlear N)

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18
Q

The apparent origin of this cranial nerve is out of the mid-dorsal aspect just INFERIOR to the INFERIOR COLLICULUS (fibers cross over for the OPPOSITE side of this bilateral nerve)

A

Cranial nerve IV (Trochlear N)

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19
Q

ONLY cranial nerve to have its’ origin on the POSTERIOR side of the brainstem

A

cranial nerve IV (trochlear N)

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20
Q

ONLY cranial nerve to CROSS over as it EXITS the CNS

A

Cranial nerve IV (trochlear N)

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21
Q

Travels FURTHER INSIDE the cranial vault than any other cranial nerve

A

Cranial nerve IV (trochlear n)

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22
Q

Unique characteristics of Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear N)

A
  • Smallest CN
  • Only one with apparent origin on the posterior side of the brainstem
  • fibers cross over as they EXIT the CNS
  • Travels further inside the cranial vault than any other CN (Longest in the cranial vault)
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23
Q

Called the OCULOMOTOR nerves located in the ANTERIOR part of the brainstem

A

Cranial nerve III (oculomotor)

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24
Q

Apparent origin is ventral to the INTERPEDUNCULAR FOSSA (into the cistern)

A

Cranial nerve III (oculomotor)

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25
Q

Six nuclei of origin are found here in the periaquectal gray substance

A

Cranial nerve III (oculomotor)

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26
Q

This cranial nerve innervates 4 of the 6 extraocular muscles

A

cranial nerve III

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27
Q

What are the 4 muscles supplied by the oculomotor nerve?

A

Superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectus
inferior oblique

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28
Q

Raises the upper eyelids and receives somatic motor fibers from cranial nerve III

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

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29
Q

Carries PRE-GANGLIONIC PARAsympathetic (involuntary axons) from the accessory oculomotor nucleus (edinger-westphal to the cilliaris and sphincter pupillae

A

cranial nerve III

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30
Q

Another name for the accessory oculomotor nucleus

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

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31
Q

pupillary constriction muscles of the eye

A

sphincter pupillae

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32
Q

cell bodies of this nucleus originate in the CNS and synapse outside the CNS and release ACh

A

Oculomotor nucleus (Edinger-Westphal)

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33
Q

Inferior and superior colliculi use this tract for protective relfexes

A

Tectospinal tract

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34
Q

Tectospinal tract influences these neurons

A

Neurons in the UPPER cervical through cranial nerve XI

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35
Q

Tract that contracts the SCM and trapezius muscles

A

Tectospinal tract

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36
Q

Nerve that innervates the SCM and the trapezius muscles

A

Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

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37
Q

Lesions to the TECTUM will impair these type of functions

A

Inhibit the PERCEPTION of motion of objects in the field of vision and NOT voluntary eye movements

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38
Q

In this pathway the fibers enter the lateral lemniscus and ascend to the MEDIAL geniculate body in the thalamus and terminate in the temporal lobe

A

Conscious Lateral lemniscus pathway (hearing reflexes)

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39
Q

In this pathway the fibers ever the lateral lemniscus and ascend to two different areas:

1) inferior colliculus and ascends to the MEDIAL geniculate body of the thalamus and terminates in the temporal lobe
2) inferior colliculus and then the superior colliculus and terminates in the tectospinal tract (involves SCM and trapezius)

A

UNCONSCIOUS lateral lemniscus (hearing) pathway

-activated when you are startled by a loud sound

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40
Q

Auditory input goes to this part of the thalamus

A

medial geniculate body

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41
Q

Visual input goes to this part of the thalamus

A

Lateral geniculate body

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42
Q

In this pathway the fibers enter the optic tract and synapse in the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus and terminate in the occiptial lobe

A

CONSCIOUS optic tract pathway (vision)

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43
Q

In this pathway the fibers enter the optic tract and synapse on the superior colliiculus of the tectum and synapse in the tectospinal tract and terminate in the spinal nucleus of the accessory nerve (lower motor neuron)

A

UNCONSCIOUS optic tract pathway (vision)

-activated when you are startled by visual inputs)

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44
Q

The reticular nucleus of the midbrain is located here

A

Tegmentum of the cerebral penduncles

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45
Q

Structures of the cerebral penduncles of the midbrain

A
  • tegmentum
  • substantia nigra
  • crus cerebri
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46
Q

Nucleus found in the cerebral peduncles that may or may not be considered part of the reticular formation.

A

Red nucleus (Nucleus Ruber)

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47
Q

Red nucleus is divided into two parts

A 
Magnocellular area (inferior)
Parvocellular area (superior)
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48
Q

Large area making up part of the red nucleus of the tegmentum where rubrospinal tract fibers originate

A

Magnocellular area

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49
Q

Superior area of the red nucleus that is HIGHLY vascular and is the PRIMARY output form the red nucleus

A

Parvocellular area

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50
Q

Input fibers come to the red nucleus from these areas

A

Central cerebellar nuclei [(dentate, interposed nuclei) EXCEPT for fastigial] and the cerebral cortex

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51
Q

Functions of the red nucleus

A

Contralateral motor responses necessary for POSTURAL and MUSCLE control primarily in the FLEXOR musculature

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52
Q

Structure of the cerebral peduncles located between the tegmentum and crus cerebri and extends into the subthalamus of the diencephalon

A

Substantia nigra

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53
Q

Substantia nigra is called the black substance because of this chemical

A

Melanin

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54
Q

This neurotransmitter is secreted in the Substantia nigra from tyrosine and produces melanin as a result

A

Dopamine

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55
Q

Afferent and efferent fibers are exchanged between the telencephalon’s caudate and putamen nuclei in this part of the cerebral peduncle

A

Substantia nigra

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56
Q

Substantia nigra and parkinson’s disease

A

In this disease the body is unable to synthesize dopamine as a result of damage to the substantia nigra. (symptoms include shaking of digits, hands and tongue at rest)

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57
Q

These cells appear with Parkinson’s disease. First appear in the old factory bulb and continue to invade the vagus nerve and then into the brainstem and then into the substantia nigra

A

Lewy bodies

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58
Q

This structure of the cerebral penducle is found on the ventrolateral aspect of the peduncle

A

Crus cerebri

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59
Q

Composed of DESCENDING PYRAMIDAL tracts (UMN) of fibers from the cerebral cortex

A

Crus cerebri

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60
Q

Descending pyramidal fibers found in the crus cerebri

A

Corticospinal fibers
Corticopontine fibers
Corticobulbar fibers
Corticomesencephalic fibers

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61
Q

These fibers are pyramidal fibers that are found in the crus cerebri

A

Corticospinal fibers

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62
Q

These fibers can synapse on pontine nuclei and are found in the crus cerebri

A

Corticopontine fibers

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63
Q

These descending pyramidal fibers synapse in the M.O. and are found in the crus cerebri

A

Corticobulbar fibers

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64
Q

These fibers have axons that terminate on cranial nerve nuclei III and IV to initiate VOLUNTARY motor movements of the eyes and are located in the crus cerebri

A

Corticomesencephalic fibers

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65
Q

Secondary embryonic vesicle from the prosencephalon and it means “between brain” or between the great cerebral hemispheres

A

Diencephalon

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66
Q

Major parts of the diencephalon

A 
Third ventricle
epithalamus
thalamus
hypothalamus
subthalamus
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67
Q

This is the MOST significant RELAY center for SENSORY input to the CEREBRUM (all sensation except oldfaction)

A

DIencephalon

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68
Q

This structure is just superior to the midbrain and tectum

A

Epithalamus

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69
Q

The “epiphysis cerebri” that is filled with very highly modified neurons called pineal or epiphyseal cells. Located in the epithalamus

A

Pineal gland

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70
Q

Built like an endocrine gland with fenestrated capilllaries.

A

Pineal gland

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71
Q

Pineal gland is not directly sensitive to light but through a pathway originating in the retina and synapsing in the hypothalamus in this nucleus

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

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72
Q

This neurotransmitter levels appear to be a function of the circadian cycle and NOT a controller of the cycle

A

Melatonin

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73
Q

This disorder affects about 1 in 20 people in the US and Canada

A

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

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74
Q

Calcifications of the pineal gland occur with age

A

Brain sand

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75
Q

This is a small commissure that is found SUPERIOR to the midbrain’s tectum

A

Posterior commissure

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76
Q

Posterior commissure contains the cell bodies for these cranial nerves

A

Cranial nerve III (sensory motor) and cranial nerve II (motor eye)

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77
Q

Pupillary light reflex fibers and nuclei are located here

A

Posterior commissure

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78
Q

This is found just anterior and inferior to the posterior commissure. It may produce adlosterone

A

Subcommissural organ

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79
Q

Composed of specialized ependymal cells

A

Subcommissural Organ

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80
Q

Redundancy and rewiring may be methods of this:

A

Plasticity

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81
Q

This is an injury to the brain caused by traumatic bio-mechanical forces

A

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

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82
Q

Loss of consciousness, amnesia, cognitive problems (foggy, hard time concentrating), difficulty remembering are symptoms of:

A

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

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83
Q

Another name for the massa intermedia

A

Interthalamic adhesion

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84
Q

These connect adjacent or nearby gyri

A

Short Fibers

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85
Q

These connect distal parts of the same hemisphere

A

Long Fibers

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86
Q

Candidates for surgery of the corpus callosum usually are suffering from

A

Severe Seizure Disorders

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87
Q

This typically manifests in the non dominant hand of someone who has had surgery on the corpus callosum

A

Alien Hand Syndrome

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88
Q

The ONLY type of sensory input that is NOT relayed to the thalamus

A

Oldfaction input

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89
Q

A single structure composed of two large ovoid masses of gray matter that are joined together by bridge of gray matter

A

Thalamus

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90
Q

This structure holds together the two ovoid masses of the thalamus

A

Massa intermedia

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91
Q

Another name for the massa intermedia

A

Interthalamic adhesion

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92
Q

This structure of the diencephalon forms the bulk of the lateral walls of the THIRD ventricle

A

Thalamus

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93
Q

Efferents of the globus pallidus are also often called

A

Pallidalfugal fibers

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94
Q

This structure of the thalamus contains descending pyramidal fibers

A

Internal capsule

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95
Q

The general functions of the thalamus include

A

Relay of ALL sensory input to the cerebral hemispheres
Helps focus attention of the cerebral cortex
Some pain and temperature sensations are interpreted here

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96
Q

Activity of this is associated with increased inhibition, this is what allows us to sense fear and anger.

A

Amygdala

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97
Q

A subdivision of the thalamus that contains myelinated fibers running through the substance of each thalamic mass and helps divide them into subdivisions. Carries info in and out of the thalmus

A

Internal medullary laminae

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98
Q

Largest part of the thalamus and is found among the highest of primates

A

Pulvinar

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99
Q

A subdivision of the thalamus that is called “hypo” or below the thalamus

A

Hypothalamus

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100
Q

Forms the floor of the THIRD ventricle and portions of the lateral walls of the third ventricle

A

Hypothalamus

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101
Q

Contains the infundibular stalk and optic chiasma (NOT the pituitary gland)

A

Hypothalamus

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102
Q

Hypothalamus is divided into these three areas

A

Anterior area
Intermediate area
Posterior area

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103
Q

The caudate and putamen together make up this:

A

neostriatum

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104
Q

These areas of the hypothalamus control parasympathetic functions

A

anterior and intermediate areas

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105
Q

This area of the hypothalamus controls sympathetic functions

A

Posterior area

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106
Q

The hypothalamus has endocrine control both directly and indirectly

A

Directly–via neuron extensions into posterior pituitary

Indirectly–via neurohormones to control release of anterior pituitary hormones

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107
Q

Posterior pituitary is also called

A

Neurohypophysis

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108
Q

This nucleus is responsible for the CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS such as temperature, sleep, light, and feeding

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (anterior area)

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109
Q

The head of the caudate nucleus is continuous with what other nucleus via gray matter bridges

A

Putamen

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110
Q

This area of the hypothalamus is found just above the optic chiasma

A

Anterior area

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111
Q

This nuclei of anterior area (of hypothalamus) contains axons that descend through the infundibular stalk via the hypothalamohypophyseal or supra-optichypophyseal tract

A

Supraoptic and Paraventricular nuclei

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112
Q

This tract contains axons that run through the infundibular stalk of the hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamohypophyseal or supra-optichypophyseal tract

113
Q

These nuclei of anterior area ( of hypothalamus) terminate in the POSTERIOR pituitary and can release oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones

A

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

114
Q

This dyskinesia is a more violent movement which can occur as a result of lesions in the subthalamic nucleus or the globus pallidus.

A

Ballism or Hemiballism

115
Q

This hormone is released by the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei into the posterior pituitary and can increase WATER absorption and save the amount of water stored (fluid retention)

A

Antidiuretic hormones

116
Q

This nucleus of the anterior area of the hypothalamus is responsible for the CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS such as temperature, sleep, light, and feeding

A

Suprachiasmatic nuclei

117
Q

This nucleus is completely connected to the pineal gland and its secretions into the blood stream

A

Suprachiasmatic nuclei

118
Q

This nucleus influences the epiphysis cerebri and is LIGHT sensitive

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (anterior area)

119
Q

This nucleus is generally know for PARASYMPATHETIC functions (some sympathetic)

A

Anterior nucleus (anterior area)

120
Q

This nucleus is a THERMO-regulator especially when it HEATS up

A

Preoptic area (anterior area)

121
Q

Neurons that are constantly replaced are found where?

A

Stem cells in the nasal cavity

122
Q

This nucleus is the control center that deals with GI tract parasympathetic influence

A

Dorsomedial nucleus (intermediate area)

123
Q

This nucleus of the intermediate area is the center for eating and thrist gratification. The SATIETY or FULLNESS center

A

Ventromedial nucleus

124
Q

This area is thought to be a gustatory center and is found at the lateral extreme of the central sulcus

A

Brodmann Area 43

125
Q

This nucleus contributes axons that terminate in the tuberoinfudibular tract

A

Arcuate nucleus (intermediate area)

126
Q

This nucleus has axons that terminate and secrete their neurohormones into the perivascular space of the infundibular stalk

A

Arcuate nucleus (intermediate area)

127
Q

Nuclei of the intermediate area

A

1) Dorsomedial nuclei
2) Ventromedial nuclei
3) Arcuate nucleus
4) Tuber cinereum

128
Q

Neurohormones from the arcuate nucleus pass into this structure by way of the bloodstream where they release releasing factors or hypothalamic hypophysiotrophic hormones

A

Anterior pituitary

129
Q

Another name for releasing factors from the arcuate nucleus

A

Hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones

130
Q

The undulating bulge between the infundibular stalk and the large mammillary bodies

A

Tuber cinereum

131
Q

This area of the hypothalamus is know for its’ diverse SYMPATHETIC actions

A

Posterior area

132
Q

This tract contains axons from the paraventricular/supraoptic nuclei that go into the POSTERIOR pituitary and release oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones

A

Hypopthalamohypophyseal or supra-opticohypophyseal tract

133
Q

Brodmann Areas are made up entirely of:

A

Gray Matter

134
Q

A loss of memory-access to events that occurred BEFORE an injury or onset of a disease

A

Retrograde amnesia

135
Q

A loss of the ability to create new memories AFTER the event that caused the amnesia. Long term memories remain intact, but cannot recall recent past

A

Anterograde amnesia

136
Q

This sydrome is seen in alcoholics and results when mammillary bodies are damaged and there is a malabsorption of Vitamin B and the individual is unable to form new memories

A

Korsakov’s syndrome

137
Q

This nucleus is known as a THERMO-regulator especially when the body COOLS down. Contains the sympathetic control centers and thermoregulators when you get cold

A

Posterior nuclei (posterior area)

138
Q

This system is made up of the posterior and anterior pituitary

A

Hypophyseal portal system

139
Q

Most blood to the pituitary comes from the branches off of this structure

A

Internal coratid arteries

140
Q

This tract contains axons from the paraventricular/supraoptic nuclei that go into the POSTERIOR pituitary and release oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones

A

Hypopthalamohypophyseal or supra-opticohypophyseal tract

141
Q

This tract contains axons from the arcuate nuclei that travel a short distance to the base of the infundibular stalk and release releasing factors. Releasing factors are picked up by the blood capillaries and enter the blood via diffusion. The hypophyseal portal veins carry the releasing factors to the ANTERIOR pituitary where the factors are released into the blood to stimulate the anterior pituitary

A

Tuberoinfundibular tract

142
Q

FIbers from the HYPOTHALAMIC nuclei descend to cranial nerves III, IV, and X carry out these types of activities

A

Parasympathetic

143
Q

Fibers that directly or indirectly reach the INTERMEDIOLATERAL cells of rexed lamina VII at cord levels are

A 
Sympathetic = T1-L2
Parasympathetic = S2, S3, S4
144
Q

This structure is an extension of the diencephalon and axons run directly to this structure

A

Posterior pituitary (Neurohypophysis)

145
Q

Another name for the Subthalamic nucleus

A

Corpus Luysi

146
Q

This system is made up of the posterior and anterior pituitary

A

Hypophyseal portal system

147
Q

Most blood to the pituitary comes from the branches off of this structure

A

Internal coratid arteries

148
Q

This is the name given to the collective white matter of the telencephalon

A

Centrum Semiovale

149
Q

This is a type of fiber in the white matter contains afferent and efferent fibers that can travel up or down

A

Projection Axons

150
Q

Most projection axons of the Centrum Semiovale travel in these two areas

A

The Corona Radiata and the Internal Capsule

151
Q

This is the largest commissure in the brain

A

Corpus Callosum

152
Q

This white matter structure contains about 300 Million neurons and is about 1 inch wide and 4 inches long

A

Corpus Callosum

153
Q

Efferents of the globus pallidus are also often called

A

Pallidafugal fibers

154
Q

This is considered to be an ancient part of the basal ganglia

A

Amygdala

155
Q

This is located in the temporal lobe and has inputs from the olfactory tract, hypothalamus and neocortex

A

Amygdala

156
Q

Activity of this is associated with increased inhibition, this is what allows us to sense fear and anger.

A

Amygdala

157
Q

These capillaries of the hypophyseal portal system pick up the “releasing factors” form the tuberinfundibular tract fibers

A

Fenestrated sinusoids

158
Q

These port blood between the two capillary beds and pick up the “releasing factors” and release them into the ANTERIOR pituitary where they exert a controlling influence

A

Hypophyseal portal veins

159
Q

This division of the thalamus is located BELOW the later ventral aspect of the thalamus

A

Subthalamus

160
Q

Nuclei of the Subthalamus

A

1) subthalamic nuclei (corpus Luysi)
2) Parvocellular region of Red nucleus
3) Superior portion of Substantia nigra

161
Q

This sulcus demarcates the general border between the parietal and occipital lobes

A

Parietal-occipital gyrus

162
Q

Another name for the Subthalamic nucleus

A

Corpus Luysi

163
Q

This collection of structures helps to contribute to the brain’s ability to inhibit pain

A

Basal Ganglia

164
Q

This is also called the paleostriatum

A

Globus Pallidus

165
Q

The globus pallidus nucleus is separated into medial and lateral segments by this structure

A

Medial Medullary Lamina

166
Q

These two nuclei make up the Lenticular Nucleus

A

Putamen and Globus Pallidus

167
Q

General functions of the telencephalon (TIMI)

A

1) final integration center of neural mechanisms
2) initiation center for VOLUNTARY actions
3) Memory and associative memory (includes ability to summate experiences and pass them on to others)
4) abstract thinking (emotional response) (brodmann areas 9-12)

168
Q

This is the most lateral of the corpus striatal nuclei

A

Putamen

169
Q

A subdivision of the pallium that is phylogenetically new and occupies 90% of total cerebral cortex.

A

Neocortex (isocortex)

170
Q

This nucleus appears cytologically similar to the caudate

A

Putamen

171
Q

This structure is developed embryologically together with the caudate and they are still connected by gray bridges anteriorly

A

Putamen

172
Q

The afferents of the Caudate and Putamen are from

A

all lobes of the cortex, thalamus, substantia nigra, and each other

173
Q

The efferents of the Caudate and Putamen go to

A

globus pallidus, substantia nigra and the thalamus; Caudate also sends fibers to the Putamen but the Putamen does NOT send fibers to the Caudate

174
Q

The Caudate nucleus has what shape

A

Sickle shaped (has a head, body and tail)

175
Q

This layer of the neocortex is sometimes called the INTERcortical association layer

A

External pyramidal layer

176
Q

This nucleus is part of the extrapyramidal system and helps movements be performed smoothly and effectively

A

Subthalamic nuclei

177
Q

A type of lesion to the subthalamus in which there is dramatic flinging movements of the shoulders and or hips

A

Ballism or hemiballism

178
Q

This division contains left and right hemispheres (frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes), pallium, centrum semiovale, and the basal ganglia

A

Telencephalon

179
Q

This layer of the neocortex is the INNER most layer and it has a mix of incoming and outgoing fibers. It contains a large number of “projection” neurons (especially to the thalamus)

A

Multiform layer (Lamina VI)

180
Q

This hemisphere is also known as the physical or artistic brain and it deals with tasks such as spatial manipulation, prosodic language (tone), and facial perception

A

Right cerebral hemisphere

181
Q

The outer convulted gray matter of the cerebral cortex

A

Pallium

182
Q

The underlying mass of white fibers under the pallium of the telencephalon

A

Centrum semiovale

183
Q

Gray matter found deep WITHIN the white matter of neuron cell bodies or within the centrum semiovale

A

Basal ganglia

184
Q

This lobe of the brain is the LARGEST and makes up 35% of the cerebrum.

A

Frontal lobe

185
Q

This structure separates the parietal lobes from the frontal lobes

A

Central sulcus (of Rolando)

186
Q

This brodmann area of the cerebral cortex is confined to the PRECENTRAL gyrus of the frontal lobes and contributes the most axons to the PYRAMIDAL system

A

Brodmann area #4

187
Q

This brodmann area of the cerebral cortex is involved in VOLUNTARY motor initiation of the DISTAL extremities (hand and feet) and FACIAL and ORAL musculature

A

Brodmann area #4

188
Q

This structure is found within the temporal lobe and is an important oldfaction interpretation area

A

Uncus

189
Q

Functions of the temporal lobes

A

1) auditory reception
2) auditory interpretaion
3) memory centers

190
Q

Fibers ORIGINATING in this brodmann area

  • corticospinal tract
  • red nucleus
  • reticular formation
  • pontine nuclei
  • basal ganglia
  • superior colliculi
  • vestibular and inferior olivary nucleus and some brainstem nuclei
A

Brodmann area #4

191
Q

This sulcus demarcates the general border between the parietal and occipital lobes

A

Parietal-occipital gyrus

192
Q

This lobe is the SMALLEST and it contains the calcarine sulcus, cuneus, and ligual gyri. Some functions include sight and memory of past sight experience

A

Occipital lobe

193
Q

This sulcus is found on the medial surface of the occipital lobe

A

calcarine sulcus

194
Q

This structure is found above the calcarine sulcus

A

Cuneus

195
Q

THis structure is found below the calcarine sulcus

A

Ligual gyri

196
Q

These structures are sometimes called lobes or psuedolobes of the telencephalon

A

Insula (Isle of Reil) and limbic region

197
Q

This brodmann area initiates VOLUNTARY movements of our EYES. Stimulate lower motor neurons that move the 6 extraocular muscles

A

Brodmann area #8

198
Q

Striatial Lesions normally lead to this:

A

Dyskinesia

199
Q

Examples of dyskinesia include:

A

Tremor, Chorea, Hemiballism or Ballism

200
Q

This is a dyskinesia which results in a brisk series of graceful involuntary movements of the extremities, facial muscles, tongue, etc.

A

Chorea

201
Q

This dyskinesia is seen when the corpus striatum begins to deteriorate, it also appears to be linked o a genetic deficiency of GABA

A

Huntington’s Chorea

202
Q

This dyskinesia is a more violent movement which can occur as a result of lesions in the subthalamic nucleus or the globus pallidus.

A

Ballism or Hemiballism

203
Q

This is a partial or unusual loss of communicative ability. Usually damage or lesion to Broca’s area (#44)

A

Dysphasia

204
Q

A subdivision of the pallium that is phylogenetically new and occupies 90% of total cerebral cortex

A

Neocortex (isocortex)

205
Q

SIx layers of the Neocortex of the pallium

A

1) Molecular (plexiform) lamina I [thalamic input sometimes]
2) External granular layer (Lamina II) [associative lamina]
3) External Pyramidal layer (Lamina III) [Associative lamina]
4) Internal granular layer (Lamina IV) [thalamic input]
5) Internal pyramidal (ganglionic) layer (lamina V) [projection lamina)
6) Multiform layer (lamina VI) [Projection lamina]

206
Q

This layer of the neocortex is the OUTER most layer, closest to the pia mater. It is filled with synaptic activity (gray matter) and sometimes receives thalamic input

A

Molecular (Plexiform) layer (lamina I)

207
Q

This layer of the neocortex contains closely packed granular neurons whose axons extend into deep lamina of the SAME cortex area

A

External granular layer

208
Q

This layer of the neocortex is sometimes called the INTRAcortical association layer

A

External granular layer

209
Q

This layer of the neocortex contains small pyramidal shaped neuron cell bodies whose axons extend OUT of the cortex to the white matter and then RETURN to the gray matter (projection, association, or commissural fibers)

A

External pyramidal layer (lamina III)

210
Q

This layer of the neocortex is sometimes called the INTERcortical association layer

A

External pyramidal layer

211
Q

The corpus striatum is made up of which basal ganglia

A

Caudate, Putamen and Globus Pallidus

212
Q

The 4 components of the basal ganglia are:

A

Caudate, Putamen, Globus Pallidus and Amygdaloid complex

213
Q

This may or may not be considered as part of the basal ganglia

A

Claustrum

214
Q

The basal ganglia are responsible for:

A

Making movements smooth and effective

215
Q

Which functions are typically lateralized to the left?

A

linear reasoning, concrete parts of communication (speech, grammar, vocabulary) and tool use

216
Q

Which functions are typically lateralized to the right?

A

intonation, facial perceptions, singing

217
Q

Neurons that are constantly replaced are found where?

A

Stem cells in the nasal cavity

218
Q

This layer of the neocortex contains small closely-packed granular cell bodies. This is where specific THALAMIC inputs synapse (some also reach molecular layer). This is a well-developed SENSORY area

A

Internal granular layer (lamina IV)

219
Q

This layer of the neocortex contains a well-developed SENSORY area (touch, pain, sight, hearing)

A

Internal granular layer

220
Q

This layer of the neocortex (ganglionic) contains large shaped neuron cell bodies. Giant pyramidal BETZ cells are found in this layer. Axons project to other brain and cord centers from here (i.e. corticospinal and corticobulbar)

A

Internal pyramidal layer (Lamina V)

221
Q

This layer of the neocortex is the INNER most layer and it has a mix of incoming and outgoing fibers. It contains a large number of “projection” neurons (especially to the thalamus)

A

Multiform layer (Lamina VI)

222
Q

Layers or Lamina I and IV of the neocortex receive input from this structure

A

Thalamic input

223
Q

Layers or Lamina II and III of the neocortex are collectively known as this

A

Associative lamina

224
Q

Layers or lamina V and VI of the neocortex are collectively known as this

A

Projection lamina

225
Q

This subdivison of the pallium includes the two ancient parts OLDFACTION and HIPPOCAMPAL CORTICES. It occupies about 10% of cerebral cortex

A

Allocortex

226
Q

Cells and cell layers of the Allocortex are classified as this

A

Heterogeneous (variable)

227
Q

Cells and cell layers of the Neocortex are classifed as this

A

Homogeneous (not much variation)

228
Q

This area of the cerebral cortex is confined to the PRECENTRAL gyrus of the frontal lobes and contributes the most axons to the PYRAMIDAL system

A

Brodmann area #4

229
Q

This area of the cerebral cortex is involved in VOLUNTARY motor initiation of the DISTAL extremities (hand and feet) and FACIAL and ORAL musculature

A

Brodmann area #4

230
Q

This is the ONLY area of the cerebral cortex to contain the giant pyramidal BETZ cells

A

Brodmann area #4

231
Q

This brodmann area is associated with lamina or layers V and VI (projection lamina) of the neocortex

A

Brodmann area #4

232
Q

Fibers ORIGINATING in this brodmann area

  • corticospinal tract
  • red nucleus
  • reticular formation
  • pontine nuclei
  • basal ganglia
  • superior colliculi
  • vestibular and inferior olivary nucleus and some brainstem nuclei
A

Brodmann area #4

233
Q

Our first memories are probably of

A

Smells

234
Q

Interpretation of olfaction occurs where

A

Brodmann area 34 in the Uncus and Brodmann area 28 in the Parahippacampal gyrus of the temporal lobe

235
Q

This area is thought to be a gustatory center and is found at the lateral extreme of the central sulcus

A

Brodmann Area 43

236
Q

This brodmann area of the cerebral cortex is intertwined along the complex POST CENTRAL gyrus of the PARIETAL lobe (info we consciously perceive)

A

Brodmann areas # 1, 2, 3

237
Q

This brodmann area is known as the “Somesthetic cortex” or body sensing area (pain, thermal, light and deep touch, vibratory and kinesthetic input). Subtly contributes pyramidal fibers to voluntary motor initiation pathways. (where we localize sensory input)

A

Brodmann areas #1, 2, 3

238
Q

Specific thalamic efferents from VPL and VPM and lamina IV are found in this brodmann area

A

Brodmann areas #1, 2, 3

239
Q

This brodmann area is associated with lamina or layers V and VI (projection lamina)

A

Brodmann areas #1, 2, 3

240
Q

These two brodmann areas are located just in front of area #4 and are sometimes called the “PREMOTOR” regions. Good MOTOR INITIATION centers contributing fibers directly and indirectly to pyramidal system

A

Brodmann areas #6 and 8

241
Q

This brodmann area is best known for its’ influence on the PROXIMAL portions of our extremities (hips and shoulders)

A

Brodmann area #6

242
Q

This brodmann area initiates VOLUNTARY movements of our EYES. Stimulate lower motor neurons that move the 6 extraocular muscles

A

Brodmann area #8

243
Q

This brodmann area is located in the ANTERIOR and rostral most parts of the FRONTAL lobe. Lamina II and III (associative lamina) are well developed here.
Where our greatest ELABORATION of thought occurs including abstract reasoning and imaginative and emotional uniqueness (PERSONALITY)

A

Brodmann areas # 9, 10, 11, 12

244
Q

This brodmann area is located in the FRONTAL OPERCULUM along the lateral inferior surface of the frontal lobe and houses BROCA’S SPEECH AREA

A

Brodmann area #44 (tells you what to say) (broca’s)

245
Q

This brodmann area is the MOTOR SPEECH CENTER that directs area #4 neurons that initiate tongue, laryngeal, and pharyngeal musculature in the process of speaking, writing and signing

A

Brodmann area #44

246
Q

This is a lesion to Broca’s area (#44) where there is a loss of power to communicate through writing, speaking, or signs

A

Aphasia

247
Q

A lesion to Broca’s area (#44) that occurs after a stroke in which a person realizes what they want to say, but the motor application of such communication is absent or very difficult to say. (can’t physically say what they are thinking)

A

Motor aphasia

248
Q

This is a partial or unusual loss of communicative ability. Usually damage or lesion to Broca’s area (#44)

A

Dysphasia

249
Q

Activity from the olfactory areas does not go through the ______.

A

Thalamus

250
Q

These Areas are found between the somesthetic, auditory and visual receptive regions.

A

Brodmann Areas 5, 7, 39, 40

251
Q

These Areas fill the bulk of the parietal lobe

A

Brodmann Areas 5, 7, 39, 40

252
Q

These Areas are capable of synthesizing memory and sensation into creative functions such as reading, writing, and language in general

A

Brodmann Areas 5, 7, 39, 40

253
Q

This Brodmann Area is found in the angular gyrus

A

Brodmann Area 39

254
Q

Lesions in this Brodmann Area are very destructive and result in forms of alexia and agraphia

A

Brodmann Area 39

255
Q

This is a pathway that connects Wernicke’s Area (#22) and Broca’s Area (#44)

A

The arcuate fasciculus

256
Q

The Arcuate fasciculus is important for:

A

Communication and using tools.

257
Q

Brodmann Areas are made up entirely of:

A

Gray Matter

258
Q

This brodmann area occupies the bulk of the cortex in the OCCIPITAL lobes. Collectively constitutes the VISUAL CORTEX

A

Brodmann areas # 17, 18, 19

259
Q

This brodmann area is located along the calcarine sulcus and receives fiber input from the LATERAL GENICULATE BODY and is the PRIMARY VISUAL cortex. This area is also called the “Striate cortex” because of the white band running through lamina IV

A

Brodmann area #17

260
Q

These brodmann areas surround area #17 and fill much of the remaining occipital lobe cortex. Integrate (visual enhancement) and memory storage regions for visual sensations

A

Brodmann areas #18 and 19

261
Q

A lesion to this brodmann area would NOT lead to blindness, but would INHIBIT correlating present images with images from past experience (ex prosopagnosia)

A

Brodmann areas #18 and 19

262
Q

This lesion to brodmann areas #18 and 19 leads to an inability to recognize faces

A

Prosopagnosia

263
Q

These two Areas are found within the temporal lobe:

A

Brodmann Areas #41 (Primary Auditory Cortex) and #22 (Wernicke’s Area)

264
Q

The Primary Auditory Cortex is found specifically where?

A

Transverse Temporal Gyrus particularly Heschl’s Gyrus

265
Q

Input to the Primary auditory cortex comes from where?

A

Medial Geniculate body

266
Q

Within Area #41 we “hear” including:

A

Integration of pitch, tone, loudness etc.

267
Q

This Brodmann Area surrounds area 41 and extends nearly into the parietal lobe

A

Wernicke’s Area (#22)

268
Q

This area is known for its hearing memory function and is extensively utilized for bringing together the underlying structure of an utterance or the formation of a written word

A

Wernicke’s Area (#22)

269
Q

A lesion in this area produces a Dysphasia where the person has no trouble saying words but responses dont make sense at all.

A

Wernicke’s Area (#22)

270
Q

A lesion here would produce a similar view to closing one eye, you lose depth perception and the visual field is slightly smaller.

A

Optic Nerve

271
Q

A lesion here would produce a view where the peripheral vision is lost (symptom of a pituitary tumor)

A

Optic Chiasm

272
Q

A lesion here would result in a loss of 1/2 of the visual field (contralateral to the lesion)

A

Optic tract

273
Q

Info from the right field of vision goes to which side of the occipital lobe

A

Left

274
Q

The visual field is segregated along which axis?

A

Vertical

275
Q

An area on the retinal with an extra high concentration of cones where vision is very clear

A

Macula Lutea

276
Q

This is a site for macular degeneration

A

Macula Lutea

277
Q

Dopamine is stored here in abundance, associated with the putamen nucleus:

A

Nigrostriatal Axon Telodendria

278
Q

This is made up of the following parts: spenium, body, genu, rostrum, forceps anticus, forceps posticus, and tapetum

A

Corpus Callosum

279
Q

The lateral and medial geniculate bodies are often classified separately from the thalamus as the

A

Metathalamus

CNS Final Exam (1 decks)

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