CNS Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
The “roof” of the midbrain
A
Tectum
2
Q
Posterior to the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT (of Sylvius)
A
Tectum
3
Q
The tectum contains this important reflex structure
A
QUADRIGEMINAL PLATE made up of the 4 colliculi (2 inferior and 2 superior)
4
Q
This structure of the tectum deals with seeing and visual input
A
Superior colliculi
5
Q
This structure of the tectum deals with hearing or auditory input
A
inferior colliculi
6
Q
This part of the midbrain connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles
A
Cerebral Aqueduct (of Sylvius)
7
Q
Serves as a channel for CSF exchange between the third and 4th ventricles
A
Cerebral Aqueduct (of Sylvius)
8
Q
This structure surrounds the cerebral aqueduct
A
Periaqueductal gray
9
Q
Periaqueductal gray is the apparent origin for what cranial nerves
A
Cranial nerve nuclei III and IV
Endorphins and enkephalins are also found here
10
Q
This midbrain structure is located ventral to the cerebral aqueduct
A
cerebral peduncles
11
Q
This structure of the cerebral peduncles (of midbrain) is located VENTRAL to the aqueduct
A
Tegmentum
12
Q
A structure of the cerebral peduncles that contains the MEDIAL LEMNISCUS and includes the inferior part of the PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY and RED NUCLEUS
A
Tegmentum
13
Q
This structure of the midbrain’s cerebral peduncles is located toward the MIDDLE of the peduncle and in the SUPERIOR part of the Diecephalon
A
Substantia Nigra
14
Q
This midbrain structure separates the tegmentum from the curs cerebri
A
Substantia nigra
15
Q
This midbrain structure is found on the VENTRAL and lateral aspect of the cerebral peduncles
A
Crus cerebri
16
Q
This cranial nuclei is located on the POSTERIOR aspect of the brainstem and is the SMALLEST of the cranial nerves
A
Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear N)
17
Q
This cranial nerve innervates the SUPERIOR OBLIQUE of the extraocular eye muscles
A
Cranial nerve IV (trochlear N)
18
Q
The apparent origin of this cranial nerve is out of the mid-dorsal aspect just INFERIOR to the INFERIOR COLLICULUS (fibers cross over for the OPPOSITE side of this bilateral nerve)
A
Cranial nerve IV (Trochlear N)
19
Q
ONLY cranial nerve to have its’ origin on the POSTERIOR side of the brainstem
A
cranial nerve IV (trochlear N)
20
Q
ONLY cranial nerve to CROSS over as it EXITS the CNS
A
Cranial nerve IV (trochlear N)
21
Q
Travels FURTHER INSIDE the cranial vault than any other cranial nerve
A
Cranial nerve IV (trochlear n)
22
Q
Unique characteristics of Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear N)
A
- Smallest CN
- Only one with apparent origin on the posterior side of the brainstem
- fibers cross over as they EXIT the CNS
- Travels further inside the cranial vault than any other CN (Longest in the cranial vault)
23
Q
Called the OCULOMOTOR nerves located in the ANTERIOR part of the brainstem
A
Cranial nerve III (oculomotor)
24
Q
Apparent origin is ventral to the INTERPEDUNCULAR FOSSA (into the cistern)
A
Cranial nerve III (oculomotor)
25
Six nuclei of origin are found here in the periaquectal gray substance
Cranial nerve III (oculomotor)
26
This cranial nerve innervates 4 of the 6 extraocular muscles
cranial nerve III
27
What are the 4 muscles supplied by the oculomotor nerve?
Superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectus
inferior oblique
28
Raises the upper eyelids and receives somatic motor fibers from cranial nerve III
Levator palpebrae superioris
29
Carries PRE-GANGLIONIC PARAsympathetic (involuntary axons) from the accessory oculomotor nucleus (edinger-westphal to the cilliaris and sphincter pupillae
cranial nerve III
30
Another name for the accessory oculomotor nucleus
Edinger-Westphal nucleus
31
pupillary constriction muscles of the eye
sphincter pupillae
32
cell bodies of this nucleus originate in the CNS and synapse outside the CNS and release ACh
Oculomotor nucleus (Edinger-Westphal)
33
Inferior and superior colliculi use this tract for protective relfexes
Tectospinal tract
34
Tectospinal tract influences these neurons
Neurons in the UPPER cervical through cranial nerve XI
35
Tract that contracts the SCM and trapezius muscles
Tectospinal tract
36
Nerve that innervates the SCM and the trapezius muscles
Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
37
Lesions to the TECTUM will impair these type of functions
Inhibit the PERCEPTION of motion of objects in the field of vision and NOT voluntary eye movements
38
In this pathway the fibers enter the lateral lemniscus and ascend to the MEDIAL geniculate body in the thalamus and terminate in the temporal lobe
Conscious Lateral lemniscus pathway (hearing reflexes)
39
In this pathway the fibers ever the lateral lemniscus and ascend to two different areas:
1) inferior colliculus and ascends to the MEDIAL geniculate body of the thalamus and terminates in the temporal lobe
2) inferior colliculus and then the superior colliculus and terminates in the tectospinal tract (involves SCM and trapezius)
UNCONSCIOUS lateral lemniscus (hearing) pathway
| -activated when you are startled by a loud sound
40
Auditory input goes to this part of the thalamus
medial geniculate body
41
Visual input goes to this part of the thalamus
Lateral geniculate body
42
In this pathway the fibers enter the optic tract and synapse in the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus and terminate in the occiptial lobe
CONSCIOUS optic tract pathway (vision)
43
In this pathway the fibers enter the optic tract and synapse on the superior colliiculus of the tectum and synapse in the tectospinal tract and terminate in the spinal nucleus of the accessory nerve (lower motor neuron)
UNCONSCIOUS optic tract pathway (vision)
| -activated when you are startled by visual inputs)
44
The reticular nucleus of the midbrain is located here
Tegmentum of the cerebral penduncles
45
Structures of the cerebral penduncles of the midbrain
- tegmentum
- substantia nigra
- crus cerebri
46
Nucleus found in the cerebral peduncles that may or may not be considered part of the reticular formation.
Red nucleus (Nucleus Ruber)
47
Red nucleus is divided into two parts
```
Magnocellular area (inferior)
Parvocellular area (superior)
```
48
Large area making up part of the red nucleus of the tegmentum where rubrospinal tract fibers originate
Magnocellular area
49
Superior area of the red nucleus that is HIGHLY vascular and is the PRIMARY output form the red nucleus
Parvocellular area
50
Input fibers come to the red nucleus from these areas
Central cerebellar nuclei [(dentate, interposed nuclei) EXCEPT for fastigial] and the cerebral cortex
51
Functions of the red nucleus
Contralateral motor responses necessary for POSTURAL and MUSCLE control primarily in the FLEXOR musculature
52
Structure of the cerebral peduncles located between the tegmentum and crus cerebri and extends into the subthalamus of the diencephalon
Substantia nigra
53
Substantia nigra is called the black substance because of this chemical
Melanin
54
This neurotransmitter is secreted in the Substantia nigra from tyrosine and produces melanin as a result
Dopamine
55
Afferent and efferent fibers are exchanged between the telencephalon's caudate and putamen nuclei in this part of the cerebral peduncle
Substantia nigra
56
Substantia nigra and parkinson's disease
In this disease the body is unable to synthesize dopamine as a result of damage to the substantia nigra. (symptoms include shaking of digits, hands and tongue at rest)
57
These cells appear with Parkinson's disease. First appear in the old factory bulb and continue to invade the vagus nerve and then into the brainstem and then into the substantia nigra
Lewy bodies
58
This structure of the cerebral penducle is found on the ventrolateral aspect of the peduncle
Crus cerebri
59
Composed of DESCENDING PYRAMIDAL tracts (UMN) of fibers from the cerebral cortex
Crus cerebri
60
Descending pyramidal fibers found in the crus cerebri
Corticospinal fibers
Corticopontine fibers
Corticobulbar fibers
Corticomesencephalic fibers
61
These fibers are pyramidal fibers that are found in the crus cerebri
Corticospinal fibers
62
These fibers can synapse on pontine nuclei and are found in the crus cerebri
Corticopontine fibers
63
These descending pyramidal fibers synapse in the M.O. and are found in the crus cerebri
Corticobulbar fibers
64
These fibers have axons that terminate on cranial nerve nuclei III and IV to initiate VOLUNTARY motor movements of the eyes and are located in the crus cerebri
Corticomesencephalic fibers
65
Secondary embryonic vesicle from the prosencephalon and it means "between brain" or between the great cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
66
Major parts of the diencephalon
```
Third ventricle
epithalamus
thalamus
hypothalamus
subthalamus
```
67
This is the MOST significant RELAY center for SENSORY input to the CEREBRUM (all sensation except oldfaction)
DIencephalon
68
This structure is just superior to the midbrain and tectum
Epithalamus
69
The "epiphysis cerebri" that is filled with very highly modified neurons called pineal or epiphyseal cells. Located in the epithalamus
Pineal gland
70
Built like an endocrine gland with fenestrated capilllaries.
Pineal gland
71
Pineal gland is not directly sensitive to light but through a pathway originating in the retina and synapsing in the hypothalamus in this nucleus
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
72
This neurotransmitter levels appear to be a function of the circadian cycle and NOT a controller of the cycle
Melatonin
73
This disorder affects about 1 in 20 people in the US and Canada
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
74
Calcifications of the pineal gland occur with age
Brain sand
75
This is a small commissure that is found SUPERIOR to the midbrain's tectum
Posterior commissure
76
Posterior commissure contains the cell bodies for these cranial nerves
Cranial nerve III (sensory motor) and cranial nerve II (motor eye)
77
Pupillary light reflex fibers and nuclei are located here
Posterior commissure
78
This is found just anterior and inferior to the posterior commissure. It may produce adlosterone
Subcommissural organ
79
Composed of specialized ependymal cells
Subcommissural Organ
80
Redundancy and rewiring may be methods of this:
Plasticity
81
This is an injury to the brain caused by traumatic bio-mechanical forces
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
82
Loss of consciousness, amnesia, cognitive problems (foggy, hard time concentrating), difficulty remembering are symptoms of:
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
83
Another name for the massa intermedia
Interthalamic adhesion
84
These connect adjacent or nearby gyri
Short Fibers
85
These connect distal parts of the same hemisphere
Long Fibers
86
Candidates for surgery of the corpus callosum usually are suffering from
Severe Seizure Disorders
87
This typically manifests in the non dominant hand of someone who has had surgery on the corpus callosum
Alien Hand Syndrome
88
The ONLY type of sensory input that is NOT relayed to the thalamus
Oldfaction input
89
A single structure composed of two large ovoid masses of gray matter that are joined together by bridge of gray matter
Thalamus
90
This structure holds together the two ovoid masses of the thalamus
Massa intermedia
91
Another name for the massa intermedia
Interthalamic adhesion
92
This structure of the diencephalon forms the bulk of the lateral walls of the THIRD ventricle
Thalamus
93
Efferents of the globus pallidus are also often called
Pallidalfugal fibers
94
This structure of the thalamus contains descending pyramidal fibers
Internal capsule
95
The general functions of the thalamus include
Relay of ALL sensory input to the cerebral hemispheres
Helps focus attention of the cerebral cortex
Some pain and temperature sensations are interpreted here
96
Activity of this is associated with increased inhibition, this is what allows us to sense fear and anger.
Amygdala
97
A subdivision of the thalamus that contains myelinated fibers running through the substance of each thalamic mass and helps divide them into subdivisions. Carries info in and out of the thalmus
Internal medullary laminae
98
Largest part of the thalamus and is found among the highest of primates
Pulvinar
99
A subdivision of the thalamus that is called "hypo" or below the thalamus
Hypothalamus
100
Forms the floor of the THIRD ventricle and portions of the lateral walls of the third ventricle
Hypothalamus
101
Contains the infundibular stalk and optic chiasma (NOT the pituitary gland)
Hypothalamus
102
Hypothalamus is divided into these three areas
Anterior area
Intermediate area
Posterior area
103
The caudate and putamen together make up this:
neostriatum
104
These areas of the hypothalamus control parasympathetic functions
anterior and intermediate areas
105
This area of the hypothalamus controls sympathetic functions
Posterior area
106
The hypothalamus has endocrine control both directly and indirectly
Directly--via neuron extensions into posterior pituitary
| Indirectly--via neurohormones to control release of anterior pituitary hormones
107
Posterior pituitary is also called
Neurohypophysis
108
This nucleus is responsible for the CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS such as temperature, sleep, light, and feeding
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (anterior area)
109
The head of the caudate nucleus is continuous with what other nucleus via gray matter bridges
Putamen
110
This area of the hypothalamus is found just above the optic chiasma
Anterior area
111
This nuclei of anterior area (of hypothalamus) contains axons that descend through the infundibular stalk via the hypothalamohypophyseal or supra-optichypophyseal tract
Supraoptic and Paraventricular nuclei
112
This tract contains axons that run through the infundibular stalk of the hypothalamus
Hypothalamohypophyseal or supra-optichypophyseal tract
113
These nuclei of anterior area ( of hypothalamus) terminate in the POSTERIOR pituitary and can release oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones
Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
114
This dyskinesia is a more violent movement which can occur as a result of lesions in the subthalamic nucleus or the globus pallidus.
Ballism or Hemiballism
115
This hormone is released by the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei into the posterior pituitary and can increase WATER absorption and save the amount of water stored (fluid retention)
Antidiuretic hormones
116
This nucleus of the anterior area of the hypothalamus is responsible for the CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS such as temperature, sleep, light, and feeding
Suprachiasmatic nuclei
117
This nucleus is completely connected to the pineal gland and its secretions into the blood stream
Suprachiasmatic nuclei
118
This nucleus influences the epiphysis cerebri and is LIGHT sensitive
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (anterior area)
119
This nucleus is generally know for PARASYMPATHETIC functions (some sympathetic)
Anterior nucleus (anterior area)
120
This nucleus is a THERMO-regulator especially when it HEATS up
Preoptic area (anterior area)
121
Neurons that are constantly replaced are found where?
Stem cells in the nasal cavity
122
This nucleus is the control center that deals with GI tract parasympathetic influence
Dorsomedial nucleus (intermediate area)
123
This nucleus of the intermediate area is the center for eating and thrist gratification. The SATIETY or FULLNESS center
Ventromedial nucleus
124
This area is thought to be a gustatory center and is found at the lateral extreme of the central sulcus
Brodmann Area 43
125
This nucleus contributes axons that terminate in the tuberoinfudibular tract
Arcuate nucleus (intermediate area)
126
This nucleus has axons that terminate and secrete their neurohormones into the perivascular space of the infundibular stalk
Arcuate nucleus (intermediate area)
127
Nuclei of the intermediate area
1) Dorsomedial nuclei
2) Ventromedial nuclei
3) Arcuate nucleus
4) Tuber cinereum
128
Neurohormones from the arcuate nucleus pass into this structure by way of the bloodstream where they release releasing factors or hypothalamic hypophysiotrophic hormones
Anterior pituitary
129
Another name for releasing factors from the arcuate nucleus
Hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones
130
The undulating bulge between the infundibular stalk and the large mammillary bodies
Tuber cinereum
131
This area of the hypothalamus is know for its' diverse SYMPATHETIC actions
Posterior area
132
This tract contains axons from the paraventricular/supraoptic nuclei that go into the POSTERIOR pituitary and release oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones
Hypopthalamohypophyseal or supra-opticohypophyseal tract
133
Brodmann Areas are made up entirely of:
Gray Matter
134
A loss of memory-access to events that occurred BEFORE an injury or onset of a disease
Retrograde amnesia
135
A loss of the ability to create new memories AFTER the event that caused the amnesia. Long term memories remain intact, but cannot recall recent past
Anterograde amnesia
136
This sydrome is seen in alcoholics and results when mammillary bodies are damaged and there is a malabsorption of Vitamin B and the individual is unable to form new memories
Korsakov's syndrome
137
This nucleus is known as a THERMO-regulator especially when the body COOLS down. Contains the sympathetic control centers and thermoregulators when you get cold
Posterior nuclei (posterior area)
138
This system is made up of the posterior and anterior pituitary
Hypophyseal portal system
139
Most blood to the pituitary comes from the branches off of this structure
Internal coratid arteries
140
This tract contains axons from the paraventricular/supraoptic nuclei that go into the POSTERIOR pituitary and release oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones
Hypopthalamohypophyseal or supra-opticohypophyseal tract
141
This tract contains axons from the arcuate nuclei that travel a short distance to the base of the infundibular stalk and release releasing factors. Releasing factors are picked up by the blood capillaries and enter the blood via diffusion. The hypophyseal portal veins carry the releasing factors to the ANTERIOR pituitary where the factors are released into the blood to stimulate the anterior pituitary
Tuberoinfundibular tract
142
FIbers from the HYPOTHALAMIC nuclei descend to cranial nerves III, IV, and X carry out these types of activities
Parasympathetic
143
Fibers that directly or indirectly reach the INTERMEDIOLATERAL cells of rexed lamina VII at cord levels are
```
Sympathetic = T1-L2
Parasympathetic = S2, S3, S4
```
144
This structure is an extension of the diencephalon and axons run directly to this structure
Posterior pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
145
Another name for the Subthalamic nucleus
Corpus Luysi
146
This system is made up of the posterior and anterior pituitary
Hypophyseal portal system
147
Most blood to the pituitary comes from the branches off of this structure
Internal coratid arteries
148
This is the name given to the collective white matter of the telencephalon
Centrum Semiovale
149
This is a type of fiber in the white matter contains afferent and efferent fibers that can travel up or down
Projection Axons
150
Most projection axons of the Centrum Semiovale travel in these two areas
The Corona Radiata and the Internal Capsule
151
This is the largest commissure in the brain
Corpus Callosum
152
This white matter structure contains about 300 Million neurons and is about 1 inch wide and 4 inches long
Corpus Callosum
153
Efferents of the globus pallidus are also often called
Pallidafugal fibers
154
This is considered to be an ancient part of the basal ganglia
Amygdala
155
This is located in the temporal lobe and has inputs from the olfactory tract, hypothalamus and neocortex
Amygdala
156
Activity of this is associated with increased inhibition, this is what allows us to sense fear and anger.
Amygdala
157
These capillaries of the hypophyseal portal system pick up the "releasing factors" form the tuberinfundibular tract fibers
Fenestrated sinusoids
158
These port blood between the two capillary beds and pick up the "releasing factors" and release them into the ANTERIOR pituitary where they exert a controlling influence
Hypophyseal portal veins
159
This division of the thalamus is located BELOW the later ventral aspect of the thalamus
Subthalamus
160
Nuclei of the Subthalamus
1) subthalamic nuclei (corpus Luysi)
2) Parvocellular region of Red nucleus
3) Superior portion of Substantia nigra
161
This sulcus demarcates the general border between the parietal and occipital lobes
Parietal-occipital gyrus
162
Another name for the Subthalamic nucleus
Corpus Luysi
163
This collection of structures helps to contribute to the brain's ability to inhibit pain
Basal Ganglia
164
This is also called the paleostriatum
Globus Pallidus
165
The globus pallidus nucleus is separated into medial and lateral segments by this structure
Medial Medullary Lamina
166
These two nuclei make up the Lenticular Nucleus
Putamen and Globus Pallidus
167
General functions of the telencephalon (TIMI)
1) final integration center of neural mechanisms
2) initiation center for VOLUNTARY actions
3) Memory and associative memory (includes ability to summate experiences and pass them on to others)
4) abstract thinking (emotional response) (brodmann areas 9-12)
168
This is the most lateral of the corpus striatal nuclei
Putamen
169
A subdivision of the pallium that is phylogenetically new and occupies 90% of total cerebral cortex.
Neocortex (isocortex)
170
This nucleus appears cytologically similar to the caudate
Putamen
171
This structure is developed embryologically together with the caudate and they are still connected by gray bridges anteriorly
Putamen
172
The afferents of the Caudate and Putamen are from
all lobes of the cortex, thalamus, substantia nigra, and each other
173
The efferents of the Caudate and Putamen go to
globus pallidus, substantia nigra and the thalamus; Caudate also sends fibers to the Putamen but the Putamen does NOT send fibers to the Caudate
174
The Caudate nucleus has what shape
Sickle shaped (has a head, body and tail)
175
This layer of the neocortex is sometimes called the INTERcortical association layer
External pyramidal layer
176
This nucleus is part of the extrapyramidal system and helps movements be performed smoothly and effectively
Subthalamic nuclei
177
A type of lesion to the subthalamus in which there is dramatic flinging movements of the shoulders and or hips
Ballism or hemiballism
178
This division contains left and right hemispheres (frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes), pallium, centrum semiovale, and the basal ganglia
Telencephalon
179
This layer of the neocortex is the INNER most layer and it has a mix of incoming and outgoing fibers. It contains a large number of "projection" neurons (especially to the thalamus)
Multiform layer (Lamina VI)
180
This hemisphere is also known as the physical or artistic brain and it deals with tasks such as spatial manipulation, prosodic language (tone), and facial perception
Right cerebral hemisphere
181
The outer convulted gray matter of the cerebral cortex
Pallium
182
The underlying mass of white fibers under the pallium of the telencephalon
Centrum semiovale
183
Gray matter found deep WITHIN the white matter of neuron cell bodies or within the centrum semiovale
Basal ganglia
184
This lobe of the brain is the LARGEST and makes up 35% of the cerebrum.
Frontal lobe
185
This structure separates the parietal lobes from the frontal lobes
Central sulcus (of Rolando)
186
This brodmann area of the cerebral cortex is confined to the PRECENTRAL gyrus of the frontal lobes and contributes the most axons to the PYRAMIDAL system
Brodmann area #4
187
This brodmann area of the cerebral cortex is involved in VOLUNTARY motor initiation of the DISTAL extremities (hand and feet) and FACIAL and ORAL musculature
Brodmann area #4
188
This structure is found within the temporal lobe and is an important oldfaction interpretation area
Uncus
189
Functions of the temporal lobes
1) auditory reception
2) auditory interpretaion
3) memory centers
190
Fibers ORIGINATING in this brodmann area
- corticospinal tract
- red nucleus
- reticular formation
- pontine nuclei
- basal ganglia
- superior colliculi
- vestibular and inferior olivary nucleus and some brainstem nuclei
Brodmann area #4
191
This sulcus demarcates the general border between the parietal and occipital lobes
Parietal-occipital gyrus
192
This lobe is the SMALLEST and it contains the calcarine sulcus, cuneus, and ligual gyri. Some functions include sight and memory of past sight experience
Occipital lobe
193
This sulcus is found on the medial surface of the occipital lobe
calcarine sulcus
194
This structure is found above the calcarine sulcus
Cuneus
195
THis structure is found below the calcarine sulcus
Ligual gyri
196
These structures are sometimes called lobes or psuedolobes of the telencephalon
Insula (Isle of Reil) and limbic region
197
This brodmann area initiates VOLUNTARY movements of our EYES. Stimulate lower motor neurons that move the 6 extraocular muscles
Brodmann area #8
198
Striatial Lesions normally lead to this:
Dyskinesia
199
Examples of dyskinesia include:
Tremor, Chorea, Hemiballism or Ballism
200
This is a dyskinesia which results in a brisk series of graceful involuntary movements of the extremities, facial muscles, tongue, etc.
Chorea
201
This dyskinesia is seen when the corpus striatum begins to deteriorate, it also appears to be linked o a genetic deficiency of GABA
Huntington's Chorea
202
This dyskinesia is a more violent movement which can occur as a result of lesions in the subthalamic nucleus or the globus pallidus.
Ballism or Hemiballism
203
This is a partial or unusual loss of communicative ability. Usually damage or lesion to Broca's area (#44)
Dysphasia
204
A subdivision of the pallium that is phylogenetically new and occupies 90% of total cerebral cortex
Neocortex (isocortex)
205
SIx layers of the Neocortex of the pallium
1) Molecular (plexiform) lamina I [thalamic input sometimes]
2) External granular layer (Lamina II) [associative lamina]
3) External Pyramidal layer (Lamina III) [Associative lamina]
4) Internal granular layer (Lamina IV) [thalamic input]
5) Internal pyramidal (ganglionic) layer (lamina V) [projection lamina)
6) Multiform layer (lamina VI) [Projection lamina]
206
This layer of the neocortex is the OUTER most layer, closest to the pia mater. It is filled with synaptic activity (gray matter) and sometimes receives thalamic input
Molecular (Plexiform) layer (lamina I)
207
This layer of the neocortex contains closely packed granular neurons whose axons extend into deep lamina of the SAME cortex area
External granular layer
208
This layer of the neocortex is sometimes called the INTRAcortical association layer
External granular layer
209
This layer of the neocortex contains small pyramidal shaped neuron cell bodies whose axons extend OUT of the cortex to the white matter and then RETURN to the gray matter (projection, association, or commissural fibers)
External pyramidal layer (lamina III)
210
This layer of the neocortex is sometimes called the INTERcortical association layer
External pyramidal layer
211
The corpus striatum is made up of which basal ganglia
Caudate, Putamen and Globus Pallidus
212
The 4 components of the basal ganglia are:
Caudate, Putamen, Globus Pallidus and Amygdaloid complex
213
This may or may not be considered as part of the basal ganglia
Claustrum
214
The basal ganglia are responsible for:
Making movements smooth and effective
215
Which functions are typically lateralized to the left?
linear reasoning, concrete parts of communication (speech, grammar, vocabulary) and tool use
216
Which functions are typically lateralized to the right?
intonation, facial perceptions, singing
217
Neurons that are constantly replaced are found where?
Stem cells in the nasal cavity
218
This layer of the neocortex contains small closely-packed granular cell bodies. This is where specific THALAMIC inputs synapse (some also reach molecular layer). This is a well-developed SENSORY area
Internal granular layer (lamina IV)
219
This layer of the neocortex contains a well-developed SENSORY area (touch, pain, sight, hearing)
Internal granular layer
220
This layer of the neocortex (ganglionic) contains large shaped neuron cell bodies. Giant pyramidal BETZ cells are found in this layer. Axons project to other brain and cord centers from here (i.e. corticospinal and corticobulbar)
Internal pyramidal layer (Lamina V)
221
This layer of the neocortex is the INNER most layer and it has a mix of incoming and outgoing fibers. It contains a large number of "projection" neurons (especially to the thalamus)
Multiform layer (Lamina VI)
222
Layers or Lamina I and IV of the neocortex receive input from this structure
Thalamic input
223
Layers or Lamina II and III of the neocortex are collectively known as this
Associative lamina
224
Layers or lamina V and VI of the neocortex are collectively known as this
Projection lamina
225
This subdivison of the pallium includes the two ancient parts OLDFACTION and HIPPOCAMPAL CORTICES. It occupies about 10% of cerebral cortex
Allocortex
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Cells and cell layers of the Allocortex are classified as this
Heterogeneous (variable)
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Cells and cell layers of the Neocortex are classifed as this
Homogeneous (not much variation)
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This area of the cerebral cortex is confined to the PRECENTRAL gyrus of the frontal lobes and contributes the most axons to the PYRAMIDAL system
Brodmann area #4
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This area of the cerebral cortex is involved in VOLUNTARY motor initiation of the DISTAL extremities (hand and feet) and FACIAL and ORAL musculature
Brodmann area #4
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This is the ONLY area of the cerebral cortex to contain the giant pyramidal BETZ cells
Brodmann area #4
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This brodmann area is associated with lamina or layers V and VI (projection lamina) of the neocortex
Brodmann area #4
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Fibers ORIGINATING in this brodmann area
- corticospinal tract
- red nucleus
- reticular formation
- pontine nuclei
- basal ganglia
- superior colliculi
- vestibular and inferior olivary nucleus and some brainstem nuclei
Brodmann area #4
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Our first memories are probably of
Smells
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Interpretation of olfaction occurs where
Brodmann area 34 in the Uncus and Brodmann area 28 in the Parahippacampal gyrus of the temporal lobe
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This area is thought to be a gustatory center and is found at the lateral extreme of the central sulcus
Brodmann Area 43
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This brodmann area of the cerebral cortex is intertwined along the complex POST CENTRAL gyrus of the PARIETAL lobe (info we consciously perceive)
Brodmann areas # 1, 2, 3
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This brodmann area is known as the "Somesthetic cortex" or body sensing area (pain, thermal, light and deep touch, vibratory and kinesthetic input). Subtly contributes pyramidal fibers to voluntary motor initiation pathways. (where we localize sensory input)
Brodmann areas #1, 2, 3
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Specific thalamic efferents from VPL and VPM and lamina IV are found in this brodmann area
Brodmann areas #1, 2, 3
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This brodmann area is associated with lamina or layers V and VI (projection lamina)
Brodmann areas #1, 2, 3
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These two brodmann areas are located just in front of area #4 and are sometimes called the "PREMOTOR" regions. Good MOTOR INITIATION centers contributing fibers directly and indirectly to pyramidal system
Brodmann areas #6 and 8
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This brodmann area is best known for its' influence on the PROXIMAL portions of our extremities (hips and shoulders)
Brodmann area #6
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This brodmann area initiates VOLUNTARY movements of our EYES. Stimulate lower motor neurons that move the 6 extraocular muscles
Brodmann area #8
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This brodmann area is located in the ANTERIOR and rostral most parts of the FRONTAL lobe. Lamina II and III (associative lamina) are well developed here.
Where our greatest ELABORATION of thought occurs including abstract reasoning and imaginative and emotional uniqueness (PERSONALITY)
Brodmann areas # 9, 10, 11, 12
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This brodmann area is located in the FRONTAL OPERCULUM along the lateral inferior surface of the frontal lobe and houses BROCA'S SPEECH AREA
Brodmann area #44 (tells you what to say) (broca's)
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This brodmann area is the MOTOR SPEECH CENTER that directs area #4 neurons that initiate tongue, laryngeal, and pharyngeal musculature in the process of speaking, writing and signing
Brodmann area #44
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This is a lesion to Broca's area (#44) where there is a loss of power to communicate through writing, speaking, or signs
Aphasia
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A lesion to Broca's area (#44) that occurs after a stroke in which a person realizes what they want to say, but the motor application of such communication is absent or very difficult to say. (can't physically say what they are thinking)
Motor aphasia
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This is a partial or unusual loss of communicative ability. Usually damage or lesion to Broca's area (#44)
Dysphasia
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Activity from the olfactory areas does not go through the ______.
Thalamus
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These Areas are found between the somesthetic, auditory and visual receptive regions.
Brodmann Areas 5, 7, 39, 40
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These Areas fill the bulk of the parietal lobe
Brodmann Areas 5, 7, 39, 40
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These Areas are capable of synthesizing memory and sensation into creative functions such as reading, writing, and language in general
Brodmann Areas 5, 7, 39, 40
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This Brodmann Area is found in the angular gyrus
Brodmann Area 39
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Lesions in this Brodmann Area are very destructive and result in forms of alexia and agraphia
Brodmann Area 39
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This is a pathway that connects Wernicke's Area (#22) and Broca's Area (#44)
The arcuate fasciculus
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The Arcuate fasciculus is important for:
Communication and using tools.
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Brodmann Areas are made up entirely of:
Gray Matter
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This brodmann area occupies the bulk of the cortex in the OCCIPITAL lobes. Collectively constitutes the VISUAL CORTEX
Brodmann areas # 17, 18, 19
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This brodmann area is located along the calcarine sulcus and receives fiber input from the LATERAL GENICULATE BODY and is the PRIMARY VISUAL cortex. This area is also called the "Striate cortex" because of the white band running through lamina IV
Brodmann area #17
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These brodmann areas surround area #17 and fill much of the remaining occipital lobe cortex. Integrate (visual enhancement) and memory storage regions for visual sensations
Brodmann areas #18 and 19
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A lesion to this brodmann area would NOT lead to blindness, but would INHIBIT correlating present images with images from past experience (ex prosopagnosia)
Brodmann areas #18 and 19
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This lesion to brodmann areas #18 and 19 leads to an inability to recognize faces
Prosopagnosia
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These two Areas are found within the temporal lobe:
Brodmann Areas #41 (Primary Auditory Cortex) and #22 (Wernicke's Area)
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The Primary Auditory Cortex is found specifically where?
Transverse Temporal Gyrus particularly Heschl's Gyrus
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Input to the Primary auditory cortex comes from where?
Medial Geniculate body
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Within Area #41 we "hear" including:
Integration of pitch, tone, loudness etc.
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This Brodmann Area surrounds area 41 and extends nearly into the parietal lobe
Wernicke's Area (#22)
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This area is known for its hearing memory function and is extensively utilized for bringing together the underlying structure of an utterance or the formation of a written word
Wernicke's Area (#22)
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A lesion in this area produces a Dysphasia where the person has no trouble saying words but responses dont make sense at all.
Wernicke's Area (#22)
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A lesion here would produce a similar view to closing one eye, you lose depth perception and the visual field is slightly smaller.
Optic Nerve
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A lesion here would produce a view where the peripheral vision is lost (symptom of a pituitary tumor)
Optic Chiasm
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A lesion here would result in a loss of 1/2 of the visual field (contralateral to the lesion)
Optic tract
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Info from the right field of vision goes to which side of the occipital lobe
Left
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The visual field is segregated along which axis?
Vertical
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An area on the retinal with an extra high concentration of cones where vision is very clear
Macula Lutea
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This is a site for macular degeneration
Macula Lutea
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Dopamine is stored here in abundance, associated with the putamen nucleus:
Nigrostriatal Axon Telodendria
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This is made up of the following parts: spenium, body, genu, rostrum, forceps anticus, forceps posticus, and tapetum
Corpus Callosum
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The lateral and medial geniculate bodies are often classified separately from the thalamus as the
Metathalamus
