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Palmer CNS > CNS Exam 2 > Flashcards

CNS Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The spinal cord has how many nerves?

A

31 pairs or 62 nerves

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2
Q

What is the superior boundary of the spinal cord ?

A

Superior most ventral root of the 1st cervical spinal nerve. Forman magnum

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3
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the spinal cord

A

Disc between vertebral levels L1 and 2

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4
Q

bell magendi law states what

A

Dorsal roots are to sensory and afferent fibers. ventral roots are to motor and efferent fibers

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5
Q

How many neurons are in the spinal cord

A

100 million

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6
Q

What level of the spinal cord takes up 75% of vertebral canal

A

C5 - C6

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7
Q

CNS contains what

A

Brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

PNS contains what

A

Roots, rootlets, nerves, and rami.

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9
Q

C1 exits where

A

between occipital and atlas

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10
Q

C4 exits where

A

Between c3 and c4

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11
Q

C8 exits where

A

between C7 and T1

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12
Q

T1 exits where

A

Between T1 and t2

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13
Q

T6 exits where

A

Between T6 and t7

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14
Q

L1 exits where

A

Between L1 and L2

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15
Q

L5 exits where

A

Between L5 and S1

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16
Q

S1 through S4 exit where

A

Dorsal and ventral sacral foramina

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17
Q

S5 and Co1 exit where

A

They exit the sacral hiatus

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18
Q

The first 3 months of embryonic development the cord and vertebral levels are

A

The same length

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19
Q

At adult hood what levels is the spinal cord at

A

Co1 cord level is found at L1 and L2

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20
Q

What is the tapering end of the cord called

A

Conus medullaris

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21
Q

The cauda equina ( horse tail) at end of spinal cord is found where

A

Lumbar cistern

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22
Q

Dorsal horn function

A

Receives sensory afferent to CNS from DRG

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23
Q

Lateral horn function

A

present at cord levels t1-l2 and s2-s4. They are preganglionic autonomic neurons.

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24
Q

Ventral horn function

A

Takes motor info away from CNS (muscle)

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25
Q

What is the funiculus

A

Longitudinal bundle of white matter fibers

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26
Q

Gray mater is what

A

dense concentrations of neuron cell bodies. Thick dendritic mats are unmyelinated dense capillary beds.

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27
Q

White matter

A

Dense concentration of neuron fibers, myelinated, less vascular than gray matter.

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28
Q

rexed lamina 1 is what

A

Thin cap over dorsal horn

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29
Q

Rexed Lamina 2 deals with what

A

pain reception

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30
Q

rexed lamina 3 and 4 is what

A

The proper nucleus and deals with touch and pressure.

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31
Q

rexed lamina 5 is what

A

cervical cords only, cell bodes send axons to cotralateral spinothalamic tracts.

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32
Q

Rexed lamina 6 is

A

Not present in all cord levels.

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33
Q

Rexed lamina 7 is

A

In the intermediate gray area, lateral horn. many descending tract fibers. This is the Clarkes nucleus it goes from C8 to L3. Ribbon cell bodies send axons to post spinocerebellar tract.

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34
Q

Rexed lamina 8 is

A

The medial aspect of anterior horn

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35
Q

rexed lamina 9 is

A

Class A alpha, motor neurons. They are the largest, fastest, motor conducting neurons. They carry initiation.

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36
Q

Rexed lamina 10 is

A

Anterior and posterior commissures. Unmyelinated fibers.

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37
Q

What holds together fasciculi / tracts

A

NCAMs Nerve cell Adhesion Molecule

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38
Q

can you observe tracts with staining techniques?

A

Nope

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39
Q

Where do you find the gracilis tract

A

In medial aspect of the Dorsal funiculus. All cord levels. Synapse in nucleus gracilis of MO

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40
Q

Where do you find the cuneatus

A

lateral aspect of dorsal funiculus. T6 and up. Synapse in nucleus cuneatus of MO.

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41
Q

Functions of gracilis and cuneatus

A

2 point touch, vibratory sensations. Kinesthetic sensation. Conscious proprioception.

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42
Q

Romberg test

A

Put feet together and close eyes. See if they can keep their balance. It is not a cerebellar test, it tests the posterior column.

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43
Q

Explain the 3 neuron pathway

A

1 is the dorsal root ganglion
2 is contra lateral, it goes to other side via internal accurate fibers. To the MO.
3 Goes to the thalamus VPL

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44
Q

Which 2 tracts are formed by axons that come from cell bodies in the gray horns.

A

Lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts

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45
Q

The lateral spinothalamic tract Is

A

Located in the lateral funiculus, present in all cord levels, deals with pain and temperature . It crosses quickly.

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46
Q

The anterior spinothalamic tract is

A

Located in the anterior funiculus, present in all cord levels, deals with light touch/ and deep touch/pressure. it crosses gradually.

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47
Q

Which tracts make up a large part of the anterolateral system?

A

Lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts

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48
Q

What is analgesia

A

Loss of pain sensation

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49
Q

What is thermoanaesthesia

A

Loss of temperature sensation

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50
Q

What is the gracilis and cuneatus called together?

A

Posterior columns

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51
Q

Where do you find the anterior spinocerebellar tract?

A

lateral funiculus, anterior to the post spinocerebellar tract.

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52
Q

What does the anterior spinocerebellar tract fibers do ?

A

The fibers cross in the cord, most cross back again. They cross twice. Fiber origin are in the lumbosacral cords gray laminae. Terminate in cerebellum via superior peduncle.

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53
Q

The anterior spinocerebellar sends what information?

A

gross movements of lower body.

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54
Q

Thalamus is to conscious thought as cerebellum is to ?

A

Subconscious thought

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55
Q

Where do you find the posterior cerebellar tract

A

Lateral funiculus posterior to the anterior spinocerebellar tract.

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56
Q

What does the posterior cerebellar tract fibers do?

A

Most fibers do not cross, Fiber origins are in nucleus dorsalis. Tract is not found below L3. It is ipsilateral.

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57
Q

Where does the posterior cerebellar tract terminate

A

Cerebellum via the inferior peduncle

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58
Q

The posterior cerebellum sends what info?

A

proprioceptive, dealing with fine movements in the muscle. Follows up the gracilis.

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59
Q

Where is the anterior corticospinal tract?

A

In the anterior funiculus

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60
Q

What is the anterior corticosinal tract?

A

Has 5-15% of total corticospinal fibers. Most fibers cross in the pineal cord. They terminate by mid thoracic. Influence axial neck and shoulders.

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61
Q

Where is the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

Lateral funiculus

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62
Q

What is the lateral corticospinal tract

A

It contains 85-95% of corticospinal fibers. Fibers cross in the pyramids of the MO. It runs the entire length of th spinal cord.

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63
Q

What is the function of the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

Initiating and accomplishing precise and skilled voluntary muscle movements, especially in distal extremities.

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64
Q

The corticospinal tracts have how many neurons start to finish?

A

1 neuron

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65
Q

Where do the corticospinal tracts synapse?

A

rexed laminae 7, they communicate with 9

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66
Q

Which fibers begin in the cerebral cortex and run uninterrupted to the spinal cord?

A

Corticospinals

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67
Q

There is a decrease in corticospinal fibers as they descend the cord, why?

A

They terminate, 55% in cervical, 20% in thoracic, and 25% in the lumbar.

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68
Q

What are lower motor neurons?

A

They originate in spinal cord or brain stem and extend into the PNS to innervate somatic muscle. Example is Class A alpha motor neurons.

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69
Q

What are upper motor neurons?

A

neurons that are entirely in the CNS, they do not leave. They influence and initiate. Example- anything cortico…..

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70
Q

Upper motor neuron lesions

A

Reduction or absence of voluntary movement . Hyperreflexia. Increased muscle tone. cerebral palsy.

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71
Q

Which fibers go straight to rexed laminae 9

A

Betz cells/ giant pyramidal

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72
Q

Lower motor neuron lesions

A

Reduction of voluntary movement. Hyporeflexia. Decreased muscle tone and atrophy.

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73
Q

What are pyramidal neurons?

A

Upper motor neurons that are involved with initiation of skilled voluntary movements. In the cord, pyramidal fibers are corticospinals.

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74
Q

What are extrapyramidal neurons?

A

Upper motor neurons that originate in the brain stem and extend down the cord. They influence posture, muscle tone, enhance reflexes, and voluntary movements.

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75
Q

origin of the tectospinal tract (extrapyramidal)

What do the fibers do?

A

Midbrain’s tectum

Fibers cross as they descend
Most fibers terminate in the upper four cervical cord levels.

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76
Q

What is the function Of the tectospinal tracts?

A

Sight and auditory stimuli. Adjustments of the muscles trapezius and sternocleidomastoid. Cranial nerve 11.

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77
Q

origin of rubrospinal tract?

A

Red nucleus midbrain’s tegmentum

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78
Q

Rubrospinal tract fibers do wat?

A

Fibers cross as they descend, reach all cord levels, influence FLEXOR muscles. They are contra lateral.

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79
Q

Vestibulospinal tract origin?

A

Lateral vestibular nucleus in MO.

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80
Q

Vestbulospinal fibers do what?

A

They do not cross as they descend. They reach all cord levels. They are ipsilateral. EXTENSOR musculature, they inhibit flexors. Maintains orientation when falling.

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81
Q

What syndrome uses a hemisection

A

brown square syndrome

82
Q

What is tabes dorsalis

A

bacterial tertiary syphylis - wasting of dorsal funiculus - fasciculus gracilis

83
Q

Someone with tabes dorsalis would lose what function?

A

Vibration, kinesthetic proprioception of lower extremities.

84
Q

What is multiple sclerosis

A

destruction of CNS myelin. More common in women

85
Q

What is ALS?

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, destruction of upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons . lateral corticospinal tract. More common in men.

86
Q

What is another name for the Pons/

A

Metencephalon

87
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

It is the relay center, uses cranial nerves

88
Q

What is meant by rhom met mye

A

The rhombencephalon seperates into the myecephalon which is the M.O
and the metencephalon turns into the pons and cerebellum.

89
Q

What parts make up the brain stem?

A

Midbrain, pons, and M.O

90
Q

Brain stem origin?

A

Where cranial nerves appear to be attached to the surface

91
Q

Brain stem nucleus of origin?

A

Nucleus that contribute motor fibers to the CNS. Muscle innervation.

92
Q

Brain stem nucleus of termination?

A

nucleus that receive incoming afferent input from cranial nerves. Sensory.

93
Q

What is the medulla oblongata ?

A

Most inferior part of rhombencephalon and brain stem.

94
Q

Functions of the M.O

A

Passive fiber conduction. relay nuclei gracilis and cuneatus. Cranial nerves 5-12, not 6

95
Q

What is the basilar sulcus?

A

median longitudinal groove along ventral bulge

96
Q

What is the trigeminal nerve?

A

nerve 5,

97
Q

What do the olives do ?

A

Relay info to the cerebellums central nuclei and cortex via climbing fibers.
Auditory function.

98
Q

what is the reticular formation?

A

Net like, gives general arousal like wakefulness and attention. Deals with autonomic and somatic extrapyramidal actions. Reticulospinal tracts - heart rate, BP

99
Q

Pyramids have what fibers?

A

Descending, corticospinal fibers. Upper motor neurons

100
Q

The medial Lemiscus in the M.O has what fibers?

A

Ascending fibers

101
Q

The lateral rectus goes with what cranial nerve

A

CN 6 abducens

102
Q

Superior oblique goes to what cranial nerve

A

CN 4 trochlear

103
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for eye movement

A

CN 3 oculomotor

104
Q

Hyperreflexia affects what

A

Upper motor neurons

105
Q

Hyporeflexia affects what

A

Lower motor neurons

106
Q

A lesion of the dorsal horn causes

A

Sensory problems

107
Q

Lesion of the ventral horn causes

A

Motor problems

108
Q

A lesion of ventral root causes

A

Lower motor neuron problems

109
Q

A lesion of the dorsal root causes

A

Sensory problems

110
Q

A lesion of the ventral / ramus causes

A

Motor and sensory problems

111
Q

A total transaction of spinal cord causes

A

Loss of function at injury and down

112
Q

The medulla oblongata is ventral to the

A

Cerebellum

113
Q

The Medulla is inferior to the

A

Pons

114
Q

The medulla is superior to the

A

Spinal cord

115
Q

The medulla is very small but

A

Very significant

116
Q

What is the inferior order of the medulla

A

Superior most anterior rootlet of C1

117
Q

Chemoreceptors in the obex detect what

A

Toxins like alcohol in the blood, triggers vomiting

118
Q

What is the medial lemniscus

A

Bilateral band of ascending fibers that terminate in the thalamus, VPL. Receives accurate fibers from gracilis and cuneatus.

119
Q

What nuclei is supplied by CN 3

A

Accessory occulomotor, edinger- Westphal. parasympathetic pupil constrictor. Motor.

occulomotor nuclei, somatic motor nerves, lower motor neurons. Move and open eyes.

120
Q

What does the trochlear nucleus do

A

Somatic muscle control for superior oblique eye muscle. CN 4. Eyes move down and out.

121
Q

What does the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus do

A

Mastication, chewing, Nucleus of termination. CN 5

122
Q

What does the trigeminal motor nucleus do

A

Somatic motor to mastication. Also tensor villi palatine, tensor tympani. Lower motor neurons, CN 5

123
Q

What does the abducens nucleus do

A

Somatic motor of lateral rectus in eyes. CN 6

124
Q

What does the facial nucleus do

A

Most superficial somatic motor muscles of scalp and face. Facial expression. CN 7

125
Q

Superior salivary nucleus function

A

Parasympathetic control of tear glands and sublingual salivary glands. CN 7

126
Q

Inferior salivary nucleus function

A

Parasympathetic control of parotid salivary gland CN 9

127
Q

vestibular and cochlear nuclei function

A

equilibrium and hearing. Nuclei of termination CN 8

128
Q

Hypoglossal nucleus function

A

Somatic motor control for 16/18 tongue muscles. It is a nucleus of origin. CN 12

129
Q

Posterior nucleus of vagus function

A

Sensory and motor (parasympathetic) voice, heart , lungs,and intestines. CN 10

130
Q

Nucleus ambiguus function

A

Efferent motor fibers, to pharynx and larynx. Lower motor neuron. CN 9, 10, 11

131
Q

Nucleus solitarius function

A

Taste, tongue, palate and pharynx. CN 7,9, 10.

132
Q

Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve function

A

face, dealing with pain, thermal, tactile, and proprioception. The largest, CN 5,7,9,10.

133
Q

Spinal nucleus of the accessory function

A

Somatic motor, neck muscles called sternocleidomastoid and trapezius. Upper 5 cervical cord levels and lower medulla oblongata. Very large CN 11

134
Q

What is the pons

A

has ascending and descending fibers, derivative of metencephalon. Nucleus of origin and termination. 5 ,6,7,8, Relay center for fibers going to the cerebellum

135
Q

What is the pontine reticular formation

A

Control center for respiratory and cardiovascular control via medial reticulospinal tracts. Sleep, REM/

136
Q

The pons is ventral to the

A

Cerebellum

137
Q

The pons is inferior to the

A

Midbrain

138
Q

The pons is superior to the

A

Medulla oblongata

139
Q

What is the rhomboid fossa

A

Dorsal part of the pons forms the ventral aspect of the 4th ventricle. MO completes the inferior aspect.

140
Q

The lateral aspect of the pons houses what feature

A

Middle cerebellar peduncle, the largest

141
Q

What is the tegmentum

A

The dorsal division of the pons

142
Q

What is the basilar

A

Ventral division of the pons

143
Q

What is the cerebellum

A

Derivative of the metencephalon. Host of sensory input, momentary status of muscle contraction, joint tension, visual and auditory input on equilibrium. Coordination. Compensation

144
Q

What is ipsilateral

A

Traveling from the left side to left side

145
Q

What is contra lateral

A

Traveling from the right to left, and left to right

146
Q

The cerebellum is attached to the MO by the

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

147
Q

The cerebellum is attached to the pons via

A

Middle cerebellar peduncle

148
Q

The cerebellum is attached to the midbrain via

A

Superior cerebellar peduncle

149
Q

What fibers are in the inferior peduncle

A

Both, but afferent dominate

150
Q

Fibers in the middle peduncle

A

Afferent only

151
Q

Fibers in the superior

A

Both present, efferent dominate

152
Q

20% of childhood cancers are what

A

Medulloblastomas

153
Q

External division medially is called the

A

Vermis

154
Q

What seperates the terror lobe from posterior lobe

A

Primary fissure

155
Q

What is the floccular nodule

A

Houses the vestibulocerebellum, posture, balance

156
Q

Tell me about the vestibulocerebellum

A

Synonyms- archicerebellum, very very old
lobes- flocculonodular
inputs- vestibular nucleus
functions- posture, balance

157
Q

Tell me about the spinocerebellum

A

Synonyms- paleocerebellum, oldest
lobes- anterior, vermis, medial posterior
inputs- spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar
functions- muscle tone, trunk, and limb movements

158
Q

Tell me about the cerebrocerebellum division

A

Synonyms- neocerebellum, newest
lobes- lateral posterior
inputs- corticopontocerebellar
functions- planning and coordination of skilled movement

159
Q

What is corpus medullary

A

White matter

160
Q

What are extensions of white matter called

A

Arbor vitae

161
Q

Gray matter is inside or outside

A

Outside

162
Q

What are the most common neuron cell types? Explain them

A

Purkinje-take messages away from cerebellar cortex. Specifically the cortex.

163
Q

What are the3 layers of the neuron cells

A

Outer- molecular
middle- purkinje cell body layer
inner- granular layer

164
Q

What are the two types of outside axons that bring input to cerebellar cortical laminae

A

Mossy-
climbing-

165
Q

Mossy and climbing fibers are special because they what

A

Reach the cerebellar cortex

166
Q

What are the largest cells of cerebellar cortex

A

Purkinje , they are also flask shaped Their dendrites extend into the molecular layer.

167
Q

Are climbing fibers smooth or spines ?

A

Smooth

168
Q

Mossy fibers are spiked or smooth?

A

Spined

169
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by purkinje axon

A

GABA, it’s inhibitory

170
Q

The axon of granular cells ascend into the molecular layer where it then

A

Splits or bifurcates, synapses with spined purkinje

171
Q

The neurotransmitter from granular neuron is

A

Glutamate, extremely excitatory. It is the most abundant.

172
Q

Are there more mossy fibers or climbing

A

There are more mossy fibers

173
Q

Climbing fibers are extremely extremely excitatory, what do they release

A

Aspartate
Go to smooth

174
Q

What are the 4 nuclei that exist deep within the white matter. The deep or central cerebellar nuclei.

A

Denate, emboliform, globose, fastigial

175
Q

Denate is the

A

Largest and most lateral

176
Q

Emboliform and globose together is the

A

Interposed nuclei

177
Q

Fastigial is the

A

Most primitive, medial, and smallest

178
Q

Climbing fibers originate where

A

In the inferior Olivary nucleus

179
Q

What fibers synapse with the neurons of the deep central nuclei?

A

Purkinje axons from the cortex of the vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum

180
Q

Axons from the vestibulocerebellum go to the

A

Vestibular nucleus

181
Q

Axons from the spinocerebellum go to the

A

Interposed nucleus and the fastigial nucleus

182
Q

Axons from the cerebrocerebellum go to the

A

Denate nucleus

183
Q

The inferior olive sends

A

Excitatory input

184
Q

Fastigial nuclei fibers exit the inferior cerebellar peduncles to terminate in the

A

Vestibular nucleus, reticular formation and nuclei for CN 3,4, 6

185
Q

Interposed nucleus axons extend to the

A

Red nucleus and reticular formations via the superior cerebellar peduncles.

186
Q

Denate axons reach the thalamus with what

A

Collateral branches being sent to the red nucleus, via the superior cerebellar peduncles.

187
Q

What neurotransmitters are excitatory

A

Glutamate and aspartate

188
Q

Which neurotransmitter is inhibitory

A

GABA

189
Q

Denate means

A

Notched or toothlike

190
Q

What causes equilibrium disturbances

A

Lesions in the archicerebellar lobe

191
Q

What is flocculonoddular syndrome

A

patient fights against falling backwards

192
Q

Muscle tone changes are common signs of

A

lesions or a disorder

193
Q

Electrical stimuli can be applied to the cerebellar cortex to relieve what

A

Hypertonicity.

194
Q

What is ataxia

A

Lack of order or coordination, lesions of the neocerebellum

195
Q

What are the symptoms of ataxia

A

Abnormal performance of the motor acts, staggering. Inability to rapidly supinate and pronate hands. That’s called dysdiadokokinesia.

196
Q

What is an intention tremor

A

When you try to make precise movements you develop an exaggerated tremor.

197
Q

Parkinson’s syndrome

A

Digits and lips tremor while at rest. Influenced out of the neocerebellar lobe.

198
Q

What is it called when you under or overshoot your target

A

Dysmetria

199
Q

What is nystagmus

A

Jerking movement of the eyeballs. Cerebellar lesions can result in horizontal nystagmus. CN 3,4,6 operate the 6 extraocular eye muscles.

200
Q

Cerebellar cortex lesions are known for

A

Great compensatory recovery. Not the case with deep centeral cerebellar nucleus.

201
Q

Which tract deals with decussation

A

Lateral corticospinal

Palmer CNS (1 decks)

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