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CNS Exam 1 PCC Torgerud > CNS Exam 1 > Flashcards

CNS Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system plays the dominant role in ____,____, and ____ of body responses to internal and external demand.

A

coordination, association, and integration

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2
Q

Of all body systems, the ___ reigns supreme

A

CNS

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3
Q

Mature nervous tissue has ___ capacity to store ___ or ____(glucose) and it maintains little ____ capacity.

A

little capacity to store oxygen or sugar and it maintains little mitotic capacity

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4
Q

Every cell or tissue of our body is indirectly/directly “wired” into the nervous system

A

Directly

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5
Q

modern term for studies of the nervous system

A

neuroscience

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6
Q

study of structure

A

neuroanatomy

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7
Q

The nervous system is divided by structure or anatomically divided into 2 divisions. What are those divisions?

A

CNS and PNS

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8
Q

The CNS/PNS is entirely surrounded by bone

A

CNS

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9
Q

The CNS consists of

A 
Brain (encephalon)
Spinal cord (medulla spinalis)
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10
Q

The PNS consists of

A

12 cranial nerve pairs
31 spinal nerve pairs
totaling 86 nerve trunks
ganglia- groups of neuron cell bodies clustered together in the PNS

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11
Q

groups of neuron cell bodies clustered together in the PNS

A

ganglia

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12
Q

The Nervous system is divided by function. This is divided into what subdivisions?

A

Autonomic and Somatic

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13
Q

Part of the nervous system that innervates the skeletal musculature

A

Somatic N.S.

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14
Q

“voluntary component” is a frequently used synonym

A

Somatic N.S.

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15
Q

Includes both efferent (motor/outgoing) and afferent (incoming/sensory) nerve fibers, even though the efferent or motor oriented fibers receive the most emphasis

A

Somatic N.S.

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16
Q

Involves both the CNS and PNS

A

Somatic N.S. and Autonomic N.S.

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17
Q

This chemical is released in the Somatic N.S. and appears to be excitatory

A

acetylcholine (cholinergic)

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18
Q

The Autonomic (visceral) component of the N.S. has three subdivisions. Those divisions are?

A

Parasympathetic, sympathetic, and enteric systems

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19
Q

This is part of the N.S. that innervates the glandular epithelium, smooth, and cardiac musculature

A

Autonomic N.S.

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20
Q

No conscious control over which system

A

autonomic or involuntary N.S.

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21
Q

The efferent (motor) nerve fibers receive emphasis and are the only ones subdivide into parasympathetic and sympathetic subdivisions. This Schema will contain two efferent nerves.

A

Autonomic N.S.

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22
Q

subdivision of the visceral component of the N.S. (rest and digest

A

Parasympathetic

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23
Q

Neurons that are part of the parasympathetic subdivision are located in____.

A

both the CNS and PNS

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24
Q

The nerves(PNS) that carry efferent parasympathetic fibers are limited to:

A

cranial nerves III, VII,IX,X
Sacral Nerves 2,3,4
known as a Craniosacral subdivision

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25
Q

___ efferent neurons are utilized to reach the gland cell or muscle cell involved. The __(first) neuron is long and the ___ (second) neuron is short

A

2
preganglionic
postganglionic

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26
Q

Preganglionic and Post Ganglionic Parasympathetic Neurons release

A

Acetylcholine (said to be a cholinergic system)

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27
Q

subdivision of the visceral component of the N.S. (fight or flight)

A

sympathetic

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28
Q

Neurons that are part of the sympathetic subdivision are located in ___. But the nerves(PNS) that carry sympathetic efferent fibers are spinal nerves ___ through and including___.

A

CNS and PNS

T1-L2 and L3 (thoracolumbar)

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29
Q

__ neurons are utilized in reaching the gland cells or muscle cells involved. Generally the __ is short and the __ is longer

A

2
preganglionic neuron
postganglionic neuron

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30
Q

Preganglionic neurons release __ while postganlionic sympathetic neurons release __.

A

ACH

norepinephrine

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31
Q

The Sympathetic N.S. is said to be __. Exceptions where __ is released at the target are known: ___, and ___)

A

Adrenergic system
ACH
Sweat Glands and Arrector Pili Muscles

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32
Q

Parasympathetic __ heart rate/__ peristalsis,__ the pupil/ __ the respiratory tree. Pre-Post ganglionic neurons :

A

slows/speeds/constricts/constricts 1:2

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33
Q

Sympathetic __heart rate/___peristalsis,__ the pupil/__respiratory tree. Pre-Post ganglionic neurons_:_

A

speeds/decreases/dilates/dilates 1:17

34
Q

___ response(pre-post ganglionic ratio) is limited but generally more precise

A

parasympathetic

35
Q

In general, the ___ are more comprehensible. This is primarily due to their __ and, in many cases, exclusive influence on the body’s blood vessels

A

sympathetics

extensive

36
Q

There is ___ N.S.

A

one

37
Q

subdivision of the autonomic nervous system supplies the gut

A

enteric

38
Q

runs along the gut wall from esophagus to anal verges. Best known of its actions are on ___ reflexes. At least a couple dozen neuromodulators and transmitters are involved

A

Enteric

Peristaltic

39
Q

A fertilized egg

A

zygote

40
Q

Half the number of chromosomes

A

Haploid

41
Q

2 sets of chromosomes

A

Diploid

42
Q

Week 1 (pre-embryonic stage) consists of

A

Morula, blastocyst, inner and outer cell mass

43
Q

The nervous system is derived from which germ layer

A

ectoderm

44
Q

Bilaminar disk is composed of

A

Ectoderm and endoderm

45
Q

Week 2 of the embryology of the CNS consist of

A

bilaminar disc, primitive streak (node, pit, groove), mesoderm formation

46
Q

The Neural Tube will form what in the CNS

A

spinal cord

47
Q

Week 3 of the embryology of the CNS consists of

A

Notochord formation, induction of the nervous system, neural plate, neural crest and tube

48
Q

the Neural crest and neural tube give rise to the 3 primary brain vesicles which are

A

prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon ( midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
two flexures(cervical and cephalic)

49
Q

The Prosencephalon gives rise to what

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon
(Ti De is a pro)
Week 4

50
Q

The Mesencephalon gives rise to what

A

Mescencephalon

Week 4

51
Q

The Rhombencephalon gives rise to what

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon
week 4
(pontine flexure)

52
Q

The telencephalon gives rise to what

A 
Cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
lateral ventricles
(snoop dogs tells he's from L.B.C.)
Week 5-6
53
Q

The Diencephalon gives rise to what

A 
Thalamus
hypothalamus
pineal gland
3rd ventricle
Week 5-6
54
Q

The mesencephalon gives rise to what

A 
corpora quadrigemina
cerebral peduncles
cerebral aqueduct (of sylvius) 
(mes stays mes 3 c's)
Weeks 5-6
55
Q

The Metencephalon gives rise to what

A

cerebellum
pons
4th ventricle
weeks 5-6

56
Q

the myelencephalon gives rise to what

A

medulla oblongata
4th ventricle
(continuous with the spinal cord)
Weeks 5-6

57
Q

brain at birth is __% of body weight (300-400g)

uses __% of oxygen

A

10

60

58
Q

Brain in adult is __% body weight (1100-1700g avg1400)

uses _% oxygen

A

2-2.5

20

59
Q

from birth to one year old the brain will more than __ in size. (2-1/2 to 3 fold increase). Outer cranial circumference will change from an average of __cm to __cm. Neurons particularly in the __, are still being produced during this critical period.

A

double
34 to 46
cerebellum

60
Q

by this week the embryo can respond to cutaneous stimuli

A

8th week

61
Q

by this week the fetus is spontaneously active

A

10th week

62
Q

by this week the fetus can grasp (this is a reflex)

A

12th week

63
Q

Neural tube cells give rise to what

A

CNS structures

64
Q

Neuroepithealial cells (primitive-multipotentials) give rise to what

A

neuroblasts–> neurons
Ependymal cells
Glioblasts (spongioblasts) –> astrocytes and oliogodendrocytes

65
Q

“nerve glue”

A

Glioblast cells

66
Q

still fairly undifferentiated cells. Can undergo mitosis (probably little division beyond 5 years of life). Give rise to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.

A

Glioblast cells

67
Q

are the functional connective tissue of the CNS. Some of these cells help guide neurons to their proper positions during early embryonic, fetal, and neonatal development.

A

Glioblasts and its derivatives

68
Q

It is estimated that in total there are _ to __ as many glioblast derivatives as neurons in the adult human brain

A

five to ten times (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes)

69
Q

Stellate Shape

A

Astrocytes

70
Q

the most numerous cell of the adult CNS

A

Astrocytes

71
Q

two types of Astrocytes

A

protoplasmic astrocytes and fibrous astrocytes

72
Q

type of astrocyte that is found in the grey matter and is unmyelinated

A

protoplasmic astrocyte

73
Q

type of astrocyte that is found in the white matter and is myelinated

A

fibrous astrocyte

74
Q

Are rather ubiquitous structural support cells (a connective tissue-like function). Found sandwhiched between blood Bessel capillaries and neuron cell bodies. Said to be apart of the BBB. Suspected to store what little excess glucose can be held by the CNS tissue. Play a dominant role in forming “scar-like” tissue following CNS injury. Neurotransmitters (Glutamate, dopamine, serotonin) may be directly influenced at these synaptic gaps. Even ions such as K+ may be altered.

A

Astrocytes

75
Q

Fewer in number than astrocytes but still quite numerous

A

oligodendrocytes

76
Q

Two types of oligodendrocytes

A

Perineuronal satellites

Interfascicular

77
Q

type of oligodendrocyte that has a nutrient role in the CNS and is found in the grey matter

A

Perineuronal satellites

78
Q

type of oligodendrocyte that forms myelin around axons in the CNS and is found in the white matter

A

interfascicular

79
Q

Main function is to form myelin sheaths around most CNS neuron axons

A

interfascicular

80
Q

Main function are unclear but may serve a type of nutrient role in the CNS

A

Perineuronal

CNS Exam 1 PCC Torgerud (1 decks)

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