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CNS Exam 1 > CNS Exam 1 > Flashcards

CNS Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

plays a dominant role in coordination, assocation & integration of body responses to internal and external demand

A

Nervous system

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2
Q

specialization is high

A

nervous system

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3
Q

little capacity to store oxygen or sugar and it maintains little mitotic capacity

A

mature nervous tissue

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4
Q

what is the CNS composed of?

A

Brain (encephalon) & spinal cord (medulla spinalis)

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5
Q

In the PNS how many cranial nerve pairs do we have?

A

12 cranial nerve pairs

24 nerves

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6
Q

In the PNS how many spinal nerve pairs do we have?

A

31 spinal nerve pairs

62 nerves

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7
Q

In the PNS how many total nerve trunks are there?

A

86 total nerve trunks

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8
Q

What does the somatic component innervate?

A

skeletal musculature

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9
Q

Is somatic voluntary or involuntary?

A

voluntary

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10
Q

T/F Somatic includes both efference and afferent nerve fibers

A

True

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11
Q

T/F Somatic involves both CNS and PNS

A

True

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12
Q

the chemical released by the somatic axon ending (cholingergic) excitatory

A

Acetylcholine

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13
Q

both preganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetic neurons release ACH

A

cholinergic system

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14
Q

is autonomic component efference or afferet?

A

efferent

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15
Q

is autonomic component voluntary or involuntary

A

involuntary

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16
Q

which nerve fibers receive emphasis?

A

efferent (motor)

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17
Q

what are the three branches that autonmic innervates?

A

glands, cardiac, smooth muscle

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18
Q

autonmic component is subdivided into:

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

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19
Q

carried away from CNS

A

parasympathetic

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20
Q

parasympathetic fibers are limited to what cranial nerves?

A

III, VII, IX, X

3, 7, 9, 10

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21
Q

parasympathetic fibers are limited to what sacral nerves?

A

2,3,4

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22
Q

the cranial and sacral nerve are known as the____?

A

craniosacral subdivision

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23
Q

how many efferent neurons are utilized to reach the gland cell or muscle cell involved?

A

two(not one as in the somatic)

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24
Q

in parasympathetic which is longer?

A

preganglionic

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25
Q

in parasympathetic which is shorter?

A

postganglionic

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26
Q

spinal nerves that carry sympathetic efferent fibers are____?

A

T1-L2

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27
Q

in sympathetic subdivision which is longer?

A

postganglionic

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28
Q

in sympathetic subdivision which is shorter?

A

preganglionic

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29
Q

fight or flight

A

sympathetic

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30
Q

what do preganglionic sympathetic neurons release?

A

ACH

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31
Q

what do postganglionic sympathetic neurons release?

A

norepinephrine

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32
Q

preganglionic sympathetic neurons release ACH and postganglionic sympathetic neurons relase norepinephrines what is this sytem called?

A

adrenergic system

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33
Q

what are the exceptions of the adrenergic system where ACH is released at the target ?

A

sweat glands, arrector pili muscles

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34
Q

slows heart rate/ speeds peristalsis/ constricts the pupil and respiratory tree. 1:2

A

parasympathetic

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35
Q

speeds heart rate/ decreases peristalsis/ dilates the pupil and respiratory tree. 1:17

A

sympathetic

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36
Q

how many nervous systems are there?

A

one

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37
Q

what is the third subdivision of the autonomic component other than parasympathetic and sympathetic?

A

enteric

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38
Q

where does the nervous system derive from?

A

ectoderm

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39
Q

is ectoderm outside or inside?

A

outside

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40
Q

3 primary brain vesicles

A

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

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41
Q

two flexures:

A

cervical and cephalic

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42
Q

forebrain

A

prosencephalon

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43
Q

midbrain

A

mesencephalon

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44
Q

hindbrain

A

rhombencephalon

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45
Q

telencephalon and diencehalon come off of the

A

prosencephalon

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46
Q

metencephalon and myelencephalon come off of the

A

rhombencephalon

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47
Q

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and lateral ventricles come from the

A

telencephalon

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48
Q

thalamus, hypthalamus, pineal gland and the 3rd ventricle come from the

A

diencephalon

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49
Q

corpora, quadrigemina, cerebral peduncles, cerebral aqueduct come from the

A

mesencephalon

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50
Q

cerebellum, pons, 4th ventricle come from the

A

metencephalon

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51
Q

medulla oblongata, 4th ventricle, continuous with the spinal cord come from the

A

myelencephalon

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52
Q

neural tube gives rise to ?

A

CNS

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53
Q

neural crest cells give rise to?

A

PNS

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54
Q

what % of body wt is the brain at birth?

A

10%

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55
Q

in an adult brain what is the body weight % ?

A

2-2.5%

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56
Q

in the adult brain what percent of oxygen is used?

A

20%

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57
Q

neural tube cells give rise to what?

A

CNS structures

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58
Q

what three things break off of neuroepithelial cells?

A

neuroblasts, ependymal cells, glioblasts

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59
Q

what comes off neuroblasts

A

neurons

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60
Q

what comes off glioblasts

A

astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

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61
Q

what are the functions of a glioblast?

A

take care of injury, can undergo mitosis & give rise to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

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62
Q

the glioblasts and its derivations are the _______ of the CNS

A

functional connective tissue

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63
Q

it is estimated that in total there are __________ as many glioblast derivatives as neurons in the adult human brain.

A

5-10 times

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64
Q

the most numerous cell of the adult central nervous system. maintain some mobility potential.

A

astrocytes

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65
Q

2 types of astrocytes

A

protoplasmic and fibrous

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66
Q

found in gray matter-unmyelinated

A

protoplasmic

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67
Q

found in white matter-myelinated

A

fibrous

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68
Q

astrocytes are found sandwiched between blood vessel capillaries and neuron cell bodies. those in this position are said to be a part of the _____?

A

BBB

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69
Q

astrocytes play a dominant role in forming ______tissue following CNS injury. this is where mobility potential may be of use

A

“scar-like”

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70
Q

fewer in number than the astrocyte but still quite numerous

A

oligodendrocyte

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71
Q

2 types of oligodendrocyte

A

perineuroal satellites & interfasicular

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72
Q

found in gray matter; play some nutrient role

A

perineuronal satellites

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73
Q

found in white matter, responsible for forming myelin in CNS.

A

interfascicular oligodendrocytes

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74
Q

serve as a leaky barrier betwee CSF and the CNS parenchyma.

A

ependymal cells

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75
Q

most ependymal cells are classified as________?

A

simple cuboidal

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76
Q

some highly adapted taller ependymal cells with microvillus borders are preset in all four ventricles. they secrete CSF and form the so-called________ in each ventricle?

A

choroid plexus

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77
Q

where is CSF found?

A

in all 4 ventricles

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78
Q

facilitate the transport of things from CSF (in 3rd ventricle) to hypophyseal portal system

A

tanycytes

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79
Q

most common primary brain tumor

A

astrocytoma

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80
Q

most lethal brain tumor

A

glioblastoma

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81
Q

mesodermally derived.

A

microglia

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82
Q

responsible for clearing dead & damaged tissue and may even wall off damaged areas along with the astrocytes

A

phagocytic function

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83
Q

mediate immune responses within CNS

HIV: type 1 & 2 productively infected

A

microglia

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84
Q

neuron classification: shape

A

anatomical

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85
Q

neuron classification: function

A

physiological

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86
Q

unipolar are_____

A

sensory

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87
Q

bipolar are______

A

special sensory neurons

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88
Q

multipolar are______

A

motor

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89
Q

do not leave the CNS

A

internuncial

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90
Q

runs between equivalent structures on opposite sides of the CNS. cross the midline

A

commissural

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91
Q

begins in one structure and terminates in a different structure of the CNS. may or may not cross the mid-line

A

projection

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92
Q

type of projection-stays on the same side

A

ipsilateral

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93
Q

type of projection- crosses to the opposite side

A

contralateral

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94
Q

the spinal cord that begins and ends at the same cord level within the same segment

A

intra segmental

95
Q

the spinal cord that begins at one cord level and terminates at another cord level

A

inter segmental

96
Q

what structures meet to form a synapse in the CNS?

A

axoaxonic
axodendritic
axosomatic

97
Q

least common form of synapse

A

axoaxonic

98
Q

most common form of synapse

A

axodendritic

99
Q

when present ________ are found in the dendrites and cell body. they do not appear in the axon or its hillock

A

nissl bodies aka. tigroid bodies

100
Q

if a neuron is injured the Nissl bodies respond quickly and appear to dissolve. this process is called_________?

A

chromatolysis

101
Q

a fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus under similar injurious conditions

A

retispersion

102
Q

3 types of neurofibrils

A

microtubules, microfilament, neurofilaments

103
Q

help maintain cell shape and have a diameter between 20-30 nm. largest

A

microtubules

104
Q

run longitudinally and circumferentially and are often associated with the axolemma 3-5 nm. smallest

A

microfilaments

105
Q

ar moderate diameter filaments 9-10 nm. intermediate

A

neurofilaments

106
Q

intracellular movement of such items as protein building blocks for the neurofibrils and mitochondria. speed of flow is directly related to axon length but little energy seems to be required to conduct such flow. will not consume ATP

A

slow transport

107
Q

intracellular movement of such items as synaptic vesicles (or precursors), lysosomes, and certain enzymes. consumes ATP

A

fast transport

108
Q

most action potential is initiated here

A

hillock

109
Q

white matter; neurons do not make______

A

myelin

110
Q

myelin covers can be found on both PNS & CNS fibers. no myelin over the ___________________. when myelin is present, it’s only over the long process/fiber/axon/cell.

A

telodendria, perikaryon or hillock

111
Q

as a rule myelin seldom forms on neuron fibers which are less than ________micron in diameter in PNS. almost all fibers greater than ____ microns in diameter will be myelinated?

A

one, two

112
Q

the _______the myelin the faster an impulse will be conducted along the neuron fiber

A

thicker

113
Q

two things that determine conduction veloctiy

A

myelinaton, fiber diameter

114
Q

every PNS nerve fiber has such a covering. this does not mean every fiber is myelinated

A

schwann cell

115
Q

what does neurilemma mean?

A

schwann cell

116
Q

there are unmyelinated PNS nerve fibers. they do have a schwann cell covering but are not myelinted. an example would be a _________?

A

post-ganglionic sympathetic neuron (long)

117
Q

where one schwann covering cell meets another, a real, but tiny exposed area is created is called________?

A

Node of Ranvier

118
Q

mesodermally derived connective tissue covers

A

endoneurium, peineurium, epineurium

119
Q

highly vascular, covers a single neuron

A

endoneurium

120
Q

covers a bundle; fasiculi, continuous with the pia and the arachnoid maters

A

perineurium

121
Q

outer coat of a nerve, covers a nerve. 25-85%

A

epineurium

122
Q

Gullain-Barre Syndrome

A

PNS

123
Q

multiple sclerosis; destroys myelin

A

CNS

124
Q

single oligodendrocyte covers more than a _______?

A

schwann cell

125
Q

loose covering of CNS. thick mother. thickest and outermost of the meninges.

A

dura mater (pachymeninx)

126
Q

covers the entire CNS and the roots of the PNS within the vertebral canal and cranial vault.

A

dura mater (pachymenix)

127
Q

wthin the cranial vault the dura has two layers:

A

outer endosteal dura/vascular

inner meningeal dura/fibrous

128
Q

within the vertebral canal the dura has only one layer:

A

inner meningeal

129
Q

slightly more collagenous than its cranial counterpart

A

inner meningeal

130
Q

so prominent in the cranial vault, is absent from the vertebral canal

A

endosteal dura

131
Q

an actual ________ is created along the vertebral canal. this space is filled with areolar and adipose connective tissue as well as holding a complex internal vertebral venous plexus.

A

epidural space

132
Q

slips of dura making attachment into the ligaments of periosteum of the axis, lower cervical and occasionally thoracic vertebrae. these are sometimes called _______ ? (attaches dura to vertebra)

A

meningovertebral ligaments

133
Q

its lateral extensions into the IVF’s and sacral foramina give this loose sac _______ of lateral stabilizers.

A

31 pairs

134
Q

double layers of meningeal dura extending into a few fissures of the brain. sickle shaped for the most part, therefore called “falx=sickle”

A

the dural falces

135
Q

located in the great longitudinal cerebral fissure between the Rt/Lt cerebral hemispheres

A

falx cerebri

136
Q

where the meningeal dura dips between the cerebellar hemispheres in the posterior cerebellar notch

A

falx cerebelli

137
Q

only bilateral falx; meningeal dura running laterally and forward from its confluence with the falx cerebelli and falx cerebri. this is a paired structure with a right and left extension.

A

tentorium cerebelli

138
Q

the openin left in the middle between Lt and Rt. tentorial wings is called the

A

tentorial hiatus (notch)

139
Q

are actually located in the transverse (horizontal) cerebral fissure

A

tentoria

140
Q

connects the pituitary gland to hypothalamus. meningeal dura that forms a “roof” over the sella turcica (pituitary fossa). it is perforated in the middle by the infundibular stalk (to the pituitary)

A

diaphragma sellae

141
Q

these membranes “compartmentalize” the vault and brain. they often serve like “baffles” and add support for the brain’s own internal weight, protecting the brain from blows to the head.

A

supratentoria/ falx cerebri and infratetorial/ falx cerebelli

142
Q

the dura and cephalgia

A

“throbbing” headches

143
Q

True or False; arachnoid mater has no blood supply

A

true

144
Q

non-vascular membrane; transparent and resembles a thin sheet of saran wrap. inner and outer walls are composed of a simple squamous cell lining

A

arachnoid mater

145
Q

it is from arachnoid cells that many ___________ arise even though they quickly attach to the dura and appear to be dural tumors

A

meningiomas

146
Q

along with the pia mater, form the leptomeninges (or thin membrane)

A

arachnoid

147
Q

leptomenigitis

A

arachnoid & pia

148
Q

pachymengitis

A

dura

149
Q

does not dip into fissures or sulci except where the dura does, follows the path of the dura

A

arachnoid mater

150
Q

supply scalp

A

emissary v

151
Q

provide passageway

A

arachnoid vili

152
Q

supply bone

A

diploic v

153
Q

invested by outer pia

A

artery

154
Q

potential space

A

subdural space

155
Q

located posterior to medulla oblongata and superior to the foramen magnum. largest cranial cistern. the fourth ventricle opens into this cistern via the median foramen (of Magedie)

A

cerebellomedullary cistern (cistern magna)

156
Q

deep within the transverse (horizontal) cerebral fissure. some important blood vessels are found on its floor. the pineal gland and the midbrains collicular bodies are found in this region

A

cistern of the great cerebral vein (superior cistern)

157
Q

anterior aspect of pons. a pair of openings enter this cistern laterally from the fourth ventricle called the lateral foramina (of Luschka) 1 way in 4 ways out

A

pontine cistern

158
Q

region between the cerebral peduncles on the anterior aspect of the midbrain. much of the cerebral arterial circle (of Willis) vascularization is found along the epipia of this cistern

A

interpeduncular cistern

159
Q

largest cistern in the body. it extends around the tapering end of the spinal cord (conus medullaris) all the way down to the upper sacral canal L2-S2. fills the so-called lumbar cul-de-sac. place from which CSF is removed during a lumbar spinal tap. needle generally inserted between spinous processes of L4-L5

A

lumbar cistern

160
Q

recycle used CSF

A

arachnoid villi

161
Q

calcified arachnoid villi

A

pacchionian body

162
Q

associate with the lining of dural venous blood sinuses

A

arachnoid villi

163
Q

allows used CSF to be removed from the subarachnoi space and carried out of the cranial vault by way of the dural venous sinuses.

A

arachnoidvilli

164
Q

tender mother

A

pia mater

165
Q

innermost meninx- vascular transparent membrane and is lumped with the arachnoid as par of the leptomeninx

A

pia mater

166
Q

does dip into all fissures and sulci of the brain and cord.

A

pia mater

167
Q

outer portion or pia, blood vessels going to or coming from the CNS structures within are generally conducted in this outer pia covering.

A

epipial

168
Q

in the vertebral canal are formed by the pia. these penetrate the arachnoid and fuse with the dura

A

denticulate ligaments

169
Q

formed primarily by this outer pial layer

A

the filum terminale internum

170
Q

the pia forms a “cuff”, the ________

A

pial coat

171
Q

pry dura away from bone, collection of blood between the skull and the periosteal dura. most commonly due to a rupture of the middle meningeal artery due to head trauma.

A

epidural hematoma

172
Q

MMA=trauma

A

middle meningeal artery

173
Q

potential space. collection of blood between the meningial dura and arachnoid. most commonly due to a rupture of “bridging veins” due to a “shear injury”. chronic usually seen in older patients. acute usually seen with severe trauma resulting in other head injuries

A

subdural hematoma

174
Q

collection of blood in subarachnoid space. (where CSF is supposed to be). associated with cerebral contusions.(traumatic) usually associated with a ruptured aneurysm or A-V malformation. usually presents as “worst headache of my life”

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

175
Q

the mature brain weight is about _________ of our body weight

A

2-2.5%

20% oxygen.

10% of baby brain
60% oxygen

176
Q

the brain is responsibe for nearly ________of the body’s total metabolic activity

A

15%

177
Q

perfusion of the brain with arterial blood is most complex and significant. approx. _______ of blood is perfused through the brain each minute

A

800 ml. -75 ml each milisecond

178
Q

3 caus of death in the U.S. of adults

A

Stroke (CVA)

179
Q

leading cause of death of in males and females over 25 years old having high blood pressure or arteriosclerosis or both. many of these “accidents” result in arterial hemorrhage. a rupture of an aneurysm is a particulary dangerous, but rare, type of hemorrhage. most are due to arterial blockage. in about 85% of the cases the patients have already reported signs of TIA’s (transient ishemic attacks) to primary health care providers

A

stroke (CVA)

180
Q

TIA (transient ischemic attacks

A

first signal of stroke

181
Q

the __________ and its branches are the most common reported sites for strokes. these vessels carry more blood than others and supply area of great clinical importance.

A

the middle cerebral artery. MCA=stroke

182
Q

chiropracic cervical manipulation may, in rare incidences, contribute to _________

A

vascular accidents

183
Q

the ________supply the majority of blood to the brain (2/3rds)

A

internal carotid arteries

184
Q

deviations from the normal are common:

A

anomalies

185
Q

the most common anomalies involve the ________

A

anterior communicating artery

186
Q

the most stable side of the cerebral arterial circle is that formed on the left by the ___________

A

left internal carotid

187
Q

travels through the transverse foramen

A

vertebral artery

188
Q

most common place for anomalies to occur for people who don’t look like the text

A

anterior communicating

189
Q

major contributing vessels to the cord.

A

spinal cord blood supply

190
Q

this small artery sends nearly 200 branches into the ventral aspect of the cord

A

anteromedial longitudinal artery trunk (AMLAT) or “anterior spinal artery”

191
Q

anteromedial longitudinal artery trunk (AMLAT) or “anterior spinal artery”. posterolateral longitudinal artery trunks (PLLAT) or “posterior spinal arteries” segmental artery contributions

A

spinal cord blood supply

192
Q

only a few areas of the cord are particulary vulnerable due to minimal anastomoses between vessels. these areas include the posterior surface of ________ and the anterior surface near _________

A

T1-T3 —-T4 and L1

193
Q

penetrated the dura and arachnoid sheaths, and are generally conducted for varying distances along the outer pial layer. these vessels must eventually reach the white and gray matter of the CNS. they penetrate inward from the pia mater with a slight cuff of pia called the pial coat. the space between the blood vessel and the pia is designated the perviavascular space or virchow robin space. this space contains a mix of CSF and intersitiual fluid. the pial coat is lost as the vessels reach the arteriole stages. only glial cells associate with the surfaces of arterioles, capillaries and venules. in general arteries and veins of the cerebrum have thinner walls than similar vessels in other areas of the body. in specific, internal elastic membranes are reduced or absent and most major branches show considerable thinning at branching sites. VEINS LACK VALVES with the exception of some spinal veins.

A

brain/cord blood vessels

194
Q

blood vessels that supply the blood vessels themselves

A

vasa vasorum are missing

195
Q

extremely dense capillary beds are found in the _______

A

gray matter (synaptic activity)

196
Q

less dense capillary beds exist in

A

white matter

197
Q

how much blood is normally present in the brain?

A

75 ml

198
Q

how much blood passes thru the brain in one minute?

A

800 ml

199
Q

most common capillary type

A

continuous capillary

200
Q

important role in BBB. lacks holes and windows. does not have fenestrae. (windows) it does have thin wall construction expected of a capillary. junctions between cells are tight and the basement membranes are thick. specialized areas of CNS do have other capillary types, including some with fenestrae, holes, or actually large leaky sinusoids.
ex: pineal body, infundibular stalk

A

capillaries of the CNS

201
Q

lets fat soluble in not water. most of this is due to the continuous capillary that is not excessively permeable. the presence of the astrocyte on up to 85% of the capillary surface. (astrocyte supports) lipid soluble substance will cross while water soluble substances will not.

A

BBB

202
Q

________ substances will cross the BBB

A

lipid soluble

203
Q

__________substances will not cross the BBB

A

water soluble

204
Q 
L. dopa
caffeine
cocaine
alcohol
nicotine
B12 & B6 vitamins
A

can cross BBB

205
Q

botox and dopamine

A

do not cross the BBB

206
Q

_____ and _____ of the CNS usually do not follow back the same course the arteries and arterioles followed inward

A

venules and veins

207
Q

penetrate the arachnoid mater and meningeal dura to drain into the dural venous sinuses

A

cerebral veins

208
Q

many dural venous sinuses receive blood from the ______. (via emissary veins) and surrounding bone (via diploic veins) as well as the CNS.

A

scalp

209
Q

scalp, nasal, and mastoid air cell infections can spread into the venous sinuses through these routes

A

dural venous sinuses

210
Q

vault drainage of dural venous sinus blood is into the Rt./ or Lt. internal jugular veins at the ____________

A

jugular foramina

211
Q

longest. to the right. runs along attached border of the falx cerebri from foramen cecum to confluence of the sinuses.

A

superior sagittal dural venous sinus

212
Q

most blood in this sinus flows into the right transverse dural venous sinus after passing through the _____________. (everything else to the left)

A

confluence of the sinuses

213
Q

inferior enter into the _______ not confluence

A

straight

214
Q

begin when the transverse sinus leaves the tentorium cerebelli. continuous with the internal jugular vein (end goal)

A

sigmoid dural venous sinuses

215
Q

only way out

A

inferior petrosal DVS

216
Q

go in and come out

A

superior petrosal DVS

217
Q

in each of the four brain ventricles, CSF is produced in specialzed ependymal structures called:

A

choroid plexus

218
Q

each lateral ventricle is totally separate from the other. a glial membrane called the ______helps separate them anteriorly

A

septum pellucidum

219
Q

how many interventricular foramina do we have?

A

2

220
Q 
anterior (frontal) horn
ventricular body 
collateral trigone (atrium)
inferior (temporal) horn
posterior (occipital) horn
A

5 basic parts of R/L lateral ventricles

221
Q

is extensive and is located along the roof of the inferior horn, through the atrium and along the floor of the body. continues down through the interventricular formaina (of monro), spreading onto the roof of the third ventricle.

A

choroid plexus

222
Q

a narrow opening in the substance of the diencephalon

A

3rd ventricle

223
Q

continuous with the cerebral aqueduct of the mesencephalon

A

3rd ventricle

224
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

3rd & 4th (only way in)

225
Q

central canal

A

4th to spinal cord

226
Q

median foramen

A

4th to cerebellum mengillary cistern

227
Q 
cerebral aqueduct
central canal
median foramen
R. lateral foramena
L. lateral foramena
A

5 openings into or out of 4th ventricle

228
Q

first forms during the 5th-6th month of fetal development. higher than blood plasma in NA+, Cl-, Mg+++ions. quite different from blood plasma, but it does have a closer similarity to brain intersitial fluid.

A

CSF

229
Q

will secrete CSF from blood plasma

A

choroid plexus

230
Q

functions of CSF

A

shock absorber

bouancy

231
Q

70-80% of CSF is secreted by choroid plexus the rest is secreted by ____________ and enters the ventricles through the ependymal cells.

A

brain capillaries

232
Q

Frontal & top along the longitudinal fissure & the anterior aspect of the parietal lobe

A

Anterior cerebral

233
Q

Occipital & medial temporal lobe

A

Posterior cerebral

234
Q

Lateral aspect of all 4 lobes

A

Middle cerebral

CNS Exam 1 (1 decks)

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