CNS Drugs

Question 1

GABA Agonist Drugs: Benzodiazepine “zepam” or “zolam”

Answer 1

Question 2

GABA Agonist Drugs: BARBiturate

Answer 2

Question 3

GABA Agonist Drugs: non-benzodiazepine/ barbiturate drugs

Answer 3

Question 4

anti- convulsant drugs

Answer 4

Question 5

anti- convulsant drug: phenytoin

Answer 5

Question 6

anti- convulsant drugs: divalpoex

Answer 6

Question 7

anti- convulsant drugs: topiramate

Answer 7

Question 8

drugs that increase CNS norepinephrine and serotonin

Answer 8

Question 9

anti-depressants: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI’s)

Answer 9

Question 10

anti-depressants: serotonin & norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI’s)

Answer 10

Question 11

anti-depressants: tricyclic antidepressant (TCA’s)

Answer 11

Question 12

anti-depressants: muscle relaxant

Answer 12

Question 13

anti-depressants: monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI’s)

Answer 13

Question 14

anti-depressants: bupropion

Answer 14

Question 15

anti-depressants: mirtazapine

Answer 15

Question 16

anti-depressants: trazodone

Answer 16

Question 17

bipolar disorder & mania: lithium

Answer 17

Question 18

bipolar disorder & mania: divalproex

Answer 18

Question 19

anti-migraine

Answer 19

Question 20

dopamine receptor antagonists’ drugs: typical vs. atypical antipsychotics

Answer 20

Question 21

drugs that increase dopamine: Parkinson’s treatment

Answer 21

Question 22

drugs that increase dopamine: ADHD treatment

Answer 22

Question 23

a drug that increases acetylcholine

Answer 23

Question 24

list the anti-cholinergic side effects in the eye

Answer 24

Question 25

which drug has an indirect cholinergic agonist effect in the eye?

Answer 25

Question 26

Explain the difference between analgesia vs. anesthesia.

Answer 26

Question 27

Explain the difference between general anesthesia, local anesthesia, and MAC anesthesia.

Answer 27

Question 28

What is the mechanism of action of local anesthetics?

Answer 28

Question 29

What is the difference between Amide vs. Ester local anesthetics?

Answer 29

Question 30

List the individual amide vs. ester anesthetic drugs

Answer 30

Question 31

Which type of local anesthetic is more likely to cause an allergic reaction?

Answer 31

ESTER – Esters metabolized to PABA - Allergy is rare – but it can be Type 1 (IgE- immediate) or Type 4 (delayed)

Question 32

Which type of local anesthetic is more likely to cause systemic toxicity?

Answer 32

AMIDE – Amides break down in the liver more slowly; more risk of liver disease - Esters are broken down in plasma rapidly

Question 33

What are the signs of systemic toxicity of local anesthetics?

Answer 33

- Tinnitus - Numbness around the mouth - Seizures - Respiratory arrest and cardiac arrhythmias, heart block, and hypotension - Cocaine can cause hypertension (because it also increases norepinephrine)

Question 34

What are the signs/symptoms of ocular toxicity of local anesthetics?

Answer 34

Question 35

define tolerance, tachyphylaxis, physical dependence, withdrawal, and addiction

Answer 35

Question 36

opioid analgesics agonists

Answer 36

Question 37

What additional mechanisms of action does tramadol have compared to all of the other opioid drugs we discussed?

Answer 37

Question 38

What drugs discussed in the lecture must not be used in combination with opioids because they may increase the risk of death by respiratory depression?

Answer 38

- Alcohol - Benzodiazepines - Barbiturates - Muscle relaxants - Sleep aids/Hypnotics - First generation antihistamines (diphenhydramine) - Other opioids

Question 39

What drugs are used for the treatment of opioid abuse or overdose? Distinguish between opioid agonists (or partial agonists) vs. opioid antagonists.

Answer 39

Question 40

Why are many opioid drugs combined with acetaminophen or an NSAID?

Answer 40

- Analgesic effect is better combined than either one used alone - They work on different aspects of the pain pathway