CNS division Flashcards
Cerebrum
-outer most layer
- counts of 83%
- frontal- primary motor area- voluntary movements
- Parietal- somatosensory area- proprioception
- temporal- auditory cortex- hearing
- occipital- primary visual cortex seeing
- functions include- sensation, conscious thoughts and intellect memory complex movements
3 regions of cerebral hemisphere
3 primary regions
- Cerebral cortex- outer grey matter
- internal white matter
- basal nuclei- grey matter located deep within the while matter
left part controls right
some exceptions
Cerebral cortex- 3 types of functions
top layer made up of grey matter
3 types of functions
motor area- control voluntary movement
sensory area- conscious awareness of sensation
association areas- multiple input and output which connect different of the cortex
White areas-cerebrum- 3 fibres
association fibres- connect different parts of the same hemisphere
commissural fibres- connect grey areas of two hemisphere
projection fibres- vertical tracks that connect cerebral cortex with subcortical structures
- sensory information enters and motor commands leave through these fibres
Basal nuclei- cerebrum
are a functional group of grey matter deep in the cerebrum.
each side has a set
- caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus
Diencephalon 3 compartments
- thalamus
many groups of nuclei that relay different types of sensory information, gatekeeper to the cortex, involved in motor and limbic connections to the cortex - hypothalamus
homeostasis, autonomic, emotions, body temp, food intake, thirst, sleep-wake cycles, control of hormones - epithalamus
pineal gland- melatonin- day/night cycle.
The brainstem- 3 structures
- Midbrain
- contains nuclei for visual/auditory information and controls reflex associated - pons
Ascending, descending and transverse link to cerebellum tracts, involved in control of respiration
-Medulla oblongata
- most inferior, joins to spinal cord to foramen magnum-opening of skill of skull
- is the autonomic reflex centre- heart rate, respiratory rythms, hiccup, vomit, swallowing, coughing
Cerebellum-little brain
- second largest brain structure
- hemispheres connected by the vermis
- folds termed folia
- connected to the brainstem via the cerebellar peduncles
- important role in equilibrium balance, and coordination of movement
- happens subconsciously- we are not aware
The spinal cord
- cylindrical extension of medulla oblongata
- enclosed in vertebral column
- provides two-way communication to and from brain and body
- major reflex center - reflexes are initiated and completed at spinal cord
spine where is sensory and motor?
dorsal root- sensory
ventral- motor
brain and spinal cord have covering- meninges to protect include?
Dura mater- superficial
- 2 layers
- outer layer fused to periosteum for cranial meninges
- dural venous sinuses between the two layers- collect venous blood
- dural folds- septa
- subarachnoid space
- cerebral spinal fluid
- important for providing cushioning
arachnoid mater- middle
- important for providing cushioning
- cerebral spinal fluid
- Trabecular attach to pia
- CSF in subarachnoid space
Pia mater- deep
- follows contours of gyri and sulci
- rich with small blood vessels
Spinal cord is also covered by the meninges as the brain, name them
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater (continuous with cranial menings)
- epidural space surrounds the dura of the spinal cord- contains fat and blood vessels to cushion
A series of spaces circulate cerebrospinal fluid
CSF supports, nourishes, cushions brain and spinal cord
Ventricles
- lateral ventricles- x2 in each hemisphere
- 3rd ventricle- diencephalon
- 4th ventricle- between pons, medulla and cerebellum
production fluid- choroid plexus- roof of the ventricles
Structure of the brain
- superficial cerebrum- cerebral hemispheres
- divided into frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes - Important structures include diencephalon, brain stem and cerebellum
- lateralisation of cortical function, sensory/motor homunculus
basic structure of spinal cord
2 way communication brain to/from body
ends at L1-L2
important features include conus medullaris, filum terminale, caudus equinis, dorsal/ventral roots
3 layers of MENINGES cover brain and spinal cord
- Dura, arachnoid and pia mater
Peripheral Nervous system what is it?
Afferent- sensory- nerves carry information from sensory receptors to the CNS
- somatic- skin, muscles, joints
- Visceral- visceral organs
Efferent motor nerves carry information away from the CNS to the effector organs
- somatic motor nerves innervate skeletal muscles
- autonomic nerves innervate smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands- involuntary or visceral (parasympathetic and sympathetic)
