Cerebral Cortex- 4 Lobes... Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal Subcortical Structures- 1. Basal Ganglia 2. Thalamus 3. Hypothalamus

CNS D'Souza Flashcards by Armond Cosiano

Pons Function

Part of the hindbrain

Relay for transfer of information from cortex to cerebellum
Controls breathing with medulla

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Midbrain Function

Control eye movements
Auditory and visual reflexes
Integrating sensory-motor information

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Medulla Function

Part of the hindbrain

Regulates subconscious involuntary function (respiratory, cardiac)
Reflex actions (coughing, swallowing, vomiting, sneezing)

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Thalamus Function

Filtering! Modulating, decoding
Allocation of resources
Motor response
Cortical tone or arousal

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Hypothalamus Function

Regulation of hormones released by the pituitary gland
Thermoregulation☀️
Circadian rhythm
Appetite
Water regulation

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Frontal lobe Function

Motor cortex
Prefrontal cortex- thinking, judgment, behavior, working memory
Broca’s speech area- speech articulation and writing

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Parietal lobe Function

Sensory cortex for tactile discrimination from body, image, or taste

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Temporal lobe Function

Occipitotemporal cortex- face recognition
Hippocampal cortex- long and short term memory
Anterior temporal lobe- Emotion
Wernicke speech area- understand speech and writing

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Forebrain Anatomy

Cerebral Cortex- 4 Lobes…
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

Subcortical Structures-

Basal Ganglia
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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Pyramidal Cells

Neurons of cerebral cortex
Excitatory
Glutamate
Regular spiking
Long axons

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Stellate Cells

Neurons of the cerebral cortex
Inhibitory
GABA
Fast spiking
Short axons
Local circuits

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Myelinated axon types

Projection Tracts- cortex and subcortical structures
Association Tracts- different regions of cortex, same hemisphere
Commissural Tracts- interconnect contralateral areas between hemispheres (corpus callosum)

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Causes of cortical dysfunction

Tumors
Cerebrovascular accidents
Epilepsy
Surgical excision

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Dorsal Striatum anatomy and function

Part of basal ganglia
composed of caudate nucleus and putamen
Motor movement, learning and memory of movement

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Ventral Striatum anatomy and function

Part of basal ganglia
Nucleus Accumbens
Pleasure, reward, motivation

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Globus pallidus anatomy and function

Part of basal ganglia

Source of inhibitory input to thalamus

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Substantia nigra

Part of basal ganglia

In midbrain, sends dopaminergic projections to dorsal striatum

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Subthalamic nucleus

Part of basal ganglia

Receives inhibitory input from globus pallidus (like thalamus)

Cerebellum Function

Coordinates voluntary movements

Maintains posture and balance

Projection Neurons

Far from origin
Single nucleus, points of integration
Long myelinated neurons
Excitatory
Glutamate, Ach, substance P

Local Circuit Neurons

Close to origin
Single nucleus
Short unmyelinated neurons
Excitatory or inhibitory
Glutamate, glycine, GABA, peptides

Single Source Diffuse Neurons

Far from origin
Single nucleus
Long myelinated neurons
Modulatory to brain
Dopamine, serotonin, NorEpi, Ach

Subarachnoid Space

Contains CSF
Between pia mater and arachnoid
Stops at S2

Subdural Space

In cranium- has bridging veins

In spinal cord- insignificant potential space

Ventricles of the brain

Contain CSF and choroid plexus | Dilation of cerebral ventricles or dysfunction of CSF is called hydrocephalus➡️ dementia, gait probs, incontinence

Epidural Space

In cranium- potential space | In spinal cord- fatty tissue, lymph, and venous plexi. Used to inject anesthetics producing a nerve block

Choroid plexus

Secretes CSF It's tight junctions form the Blood-CSF barrier Infolds of pia matter, projects into lateral, third, and fourth ventricles

Cerebrospinal Fluid

``` Provides nutrition to neurons Protects brain from concussive injury Transports hormones Removes waste Type of meningitis can be determined by its color, protein levels, glucose level, and cell composition ```

Soma

Inhibitory synapses at surface | Loss in Parkinson's (s.nigra) and Alzheimer's

Dendrite

Excitatory synapses | More spines, more learning and neuroplasticity

Axon

Hillock contains filaments + ribosomes MS=no myelin abnormal tau binding=Alzh dysfxn MTs=ALS

Neurotransmitters

Present in neuron and terminal released via nerve activity same effects as normal pathway activity can be reproduced pharmacologically

Neurohormones/peptides

act as either hormone or NT | larger than NTs

Neuromodulators

does NOT come from synapse | facilitate or inhibit

Neurotrophic factors

made by supporting cells of CNS or immune cells | Growth factors

Glutamate

Major excitatory NT made from glutamine by Glutaminase or from a-ketoglutarate by Aspartate aminotransferase

AMPA/Kainate Rec

Binding site for: Glu, polyamines, Zn, Gly, PCP. | Ionotropic/LG'd

NMDA Rec

Needs AMPA to be stim'd slower than AMPA Ca++ permeability

GABA

Useful for anx, insom, epil, pain made from glu by Glutamate Decarboxylase GABAa/c- ionotropic (Cl-) GABAb- metabotropic (Ca++ or K+)

Serotonin

Synth from tryptophan by Tryp Hydroxlyase (RLS) | Emotion, appetite, sleep, pain, reflex

Mesolimbic tract

VTA>v. striatum + amygdala Reward Hyperactivity leads to psychotic

Mesocortical tract

VTA>prefrontal + hippo. function, memory, impulse decreased leads to schizo

Nigrostraital tract

S. Nigra>d. striatum movement, volition Parkinsons, etc

Tuberoinfundibular

hypothal>pituitary prolactin Hyperprolactinemia w/ antipsych meds