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BMS II > CNS D'Souza > Flashcards

CNS D'Souza Flashcards

0
Q

Pons Function

A

Part of the hindbrain

Relay for transfer of information from cortex to cerebellum
Controls breathing with medulla

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1
Q

Midbrain Function

A

Control eye movements
Auditory and visual reflexes
Integrating sensory-motor information

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2
Q

Medulla Function

A

Part of the hindbrain

Regulates subconscious involuntary function (respiratory, cardiac)
Reflex actions (coughing, swallowing, vomiting, sneezing)
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3
Q

Thalamus Function

A

Filtering! Modulating, decoding
Allocation of resources
Motor response
Cortical tone or arousal

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4
Q

Hypothalamus Function

A 
Regulation of hormones released by the pituitary gland
Thermoregulation☀️
Circadian rhythm
Appetite
Water regulation
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5
Q

Frontal lobe Function

A

Motor cortex
Prefrontal cortex- thinking, judgment, behavior, working memory
Broca’s speech area- speech articulation and writing

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6
Q

Parietal lobe Function

A

Sensory cortex for tactile discrimination from body, image, or taste

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7
Q

Temporal lobe Function

A

Occipitotemporal cortex- face recognition
Hippocampal cortex- long and short term memory
Anterior temporal lobe- Emotion
Wernicke speech area- understand speech and writing

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8
Q

Forebrain Anatomy

A

Cerebral Cortex- 4 Lobes…
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

Subcortical Structures-

  1. Basal Ganglia
  2. Thalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
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9
Q

Pyramidal Cells

A 
Neurons of cerebral cortex
Excitatory
Glutamate
Regular spiking
Long axons
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10
Q

Stellate Cells

A 
Neurons of the cerebral cortex
Inhibitory
GABA
Fast spiking
Short axons
Local circuits
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11
Q

Myelinated axon types

A

Projection Tracts- cortex and subcortical structures
Association Tracts- different regions of cortex, same hemisphere
Commissural Tracts- interconnect contralateral areas between hemispheres (corpus callosum)

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12
Q

Causes of cortical dysfunction

A

Tumors
Cerebrovascular accidents
Epilepsy
Surgical excision

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13
Q

Dorsal Striatum anatomy and function

A

Part of basal ganglia
composed of caudate nucleus and putamen
Motor movement, learning and memory of movement

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14
Q

Ventral Striatum anatomy and function

A

Part of basal ganglia
Nucleus Accumbens
Pleasure, reward, motivation

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15
Q

Globus pallidus anatomy and function

A

Part of basal ganglia

Source of inhibitory input to thalamus

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16
Q

Substantia nigra

A

Part of basal ganglia

In midbrain, sends dopaminergic projections to dorsal striatum

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17
Q

Subthalamic nucleus

A

Part of basal ganglia

Receives inhibitory input from globus pallidus (like thalamus)

18
Q

Cerebellum Function

A

Coordinates voluntary movements

Maintains posture and balance

19
Q

Projection Neurons

A 
Far from origin
Single nucleus, points of integration
Long myelinated neurons
Excitatory
Glutamate, Ach, substance P
20
Q

Local Circuit Neurons

A 
Close to origin
Single nucleus
Short unmyelinated neurons
Excitatory or inhibitory
Glutamate, glycine, GABA, peptides
21
Q

Single Source Diffuse Neurons

A 
Far from origin
Single nucleus
Long myelinated neurons
Modulatory to brain
Dopamine, serotonin, NorEpi, Ach
22
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

Contains CSF
Between pia mater and arachnoid
Stops at S2

23
Q

Subdural Space

A

In cranium- has bridging veins

In spinal cord- insignificant potential space

24
Q

Ventricles of the brain

A

Contain CSF and choroid plexus

Dilation of cerebral ventricles or dysfunction of CSF is called hydrocephalus➡️ dementia, gait probs, incontinence

25
Q

Epidural Space

A

In cranium- potential space

In spinal cord- fatty tissue, lymph, and venous plexi. Used to inject anesthetics producing a nerve block

26
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Secretes CSF
It’s tight junctions form the Blood-CSF barrier
Infolds of pia matter, projects into lateral, third, and fourth ventricles

27
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A 
Provides nutrition to neurons
Protects brain from concussive injury
Transports hormones
Removes waste
Type of meningitis can be determined by its color, protein levels, glucose level, and cell composition
28
Q

Soma

A

Inhibitory synapses at surface

Loss in Parkinson’s (s.nigra) and Alzheimer’s

29
Q

Dendrite

A

Excitatory synapses

More spines, more learning and neuroplasticity

30
Q

Axon

A

Hillock contains filaments + ribosomes
MS=no myelin
abnormal tau binding=Alzh
dysfxn MTs=ALS

31
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Present in neuron and terminal
released via nerve activity
same effects as normal pathway activity
can be reproduced pharmacologically

32
Q

Neurohormones/peptides

A

act as either hormone or NT

larger than NTs

33
Q

Neuromodulators

A

does NOT come from synapse

facilitate or inhibit

34
Q

Neurotrophic factors

A

made by supporting cells of CNS or immune cells

Growth factors

35
Q

Glutamate

A

Major excitatory NT
made from glutamine by Glutaminase
or from a-ketoglutarate by Aspartate aminotransferase

36
Q

AMPA/Kainate Rec

A

Binding site for: Glu, polyamines, Zn, Gly, PCP.

Ionotropic/LG’d

37
Q

NMDA Rec

A

Needs AMPA to be stim’d
slower than AMPA
Ca++ permeability

38
Q

GABA

A

Useful for anx, insom, epil, pain
made from glu by Glutamate Decarboxylase
GABAa/c- ionotropic (Cl-)
GABAb- metabotropic (Ca++ or K+)

39
Q

Serotonin

A

Synth from tryptophan by Tryp Hydroxlyase (RLS)

Emotion, appetite, sleep, pain, reflex

40
Q

Mesolimbic tract

A

VTA>v. striatum + amygdala
Reward
Hyperactivity leads to psychotic

41
Q

Mesocortical tract

A

VTA>prefrontal + hippo.
function, memory, impulse
decreased leads to schizo

42
Q

Nigrostraital tract

A

S. Nigra>d. striatum
movement, volition
Parkinsons, etc

43
Q

Tuberoinfundibular

A

hypothal>pituitary
prolactin
Hyperprolactinemia w/ antipsych meds

BMS II (4 decks)

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