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Neurology > CNS cells > Flashcards

CNS cells Flashcards

1
Q

The 3 Layers of brain protection

A

Bones
Meninges
Ventricles

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2
Q

The 2 bones that protect CNS

A

Cranium
Vertebrae

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3
Q

Durable outermost layer of the meninges

A

The Dura Mater

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4
Q

Thin, delicate, 2nd layer of the meninges

A

The Arachnoid Mater

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5
Q

Collective name of Pia Mater and Arachnoid Mater

A

The Leptomeninges

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6
Q

Space between the Dura Mater and Arachnoid Mater

A

The subdural space

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7
Q

The thin, innermost layer of the meninges that adheres directly to the brain, going deep into its grooves

A

The Pia Mater

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8
Q

The important area between the arachnoid mater and pia mater that is filled with blood vessels and fine tissue projections

A

The subarachnoid space

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9
Q

The fine tissue projections that connect the dura mater and arachnoid mater, and circulate CSF

A

trabeculae

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10
Q

Role of neurons (nerve cells)

A

Transmitting and integrating information in the brain.

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11
Q

Dendrites

A

Branched extensions of a nerve cell that receive inputs from other neurons

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12
Q

Cell body/soma

A

A part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and other organelles.

It is where all the dendrites converge and their electrical inputs are combined.

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13
Q

Axons

A

A single (often long) process which branches to form terminals that contact other neurons and/or cells.

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14
Q

Terminals

A

The endings of the axon through which many neurons signal information to the next cell, generally using chemical neurotransmitters.

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15
Q

Annotation Q

A

BLUE= dendrites
ORANGE= axon hillock
PINK= soma
GREEN= axon
RED= axon terminals

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16
Q

Cells that make gray matter

A

Neurons

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17
Q

Glia to Neuron ratio

A

4 : 1

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18
Q

Cells that make up white matter

A

Glial cells (glia/neuroglia)

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19
Q

Roles of glial cells

A

Maintain an optimal environment for neuronal function

Protect Neurons

Supply Nutrients from Blood to neurons

Scavenge cellular debris

Provide myelin sheath

Repair injuries

Control the microenvironment by mopping up ions and neurotransmitters

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20
Q

Aim of Functions of Glia

A

Maintain an optimal environment for neuronal function

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21
Q

Annotation Question

A

RED= astrocyte
GREEN= ependymal cells
BLUE= oligodendrocytes
YELLOW= Schwann cells

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22
Q

Types of glia in the CNS

A

Astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells

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23
Q

Types of glia in the PNS

A

Schwann cells
satellite cells

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24
Q

Role of astrocytes

A

Deliver nutrients from the blood to neurons and remove waste products.

Control the chemical environment around neurons to regulate metabolism

Control capillary blood flow to modulate the flow of chemicals between blood and neurons.

Repair scarring of neurons

Provide a buffer reserve of fuel for cells (glycogen breaks into glucose)

They also regulate excess K+ homeostasis.

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25
Q

Role of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

A

myelinate some axons, allowing faster connections.

Provide trophic support to neurons through secretion of neurotrophic factors.

Maintain an optimal extracellular environment

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26
Q

Microglia

A

Specialized immune cells that make up the main active immune defense mechanism in the CNS.

A particular type of macrophage (special white blood cells) only present in the CNS.

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27
Q

Role of microglia

A

Scavenge cell debris

First responders when there is damage to the CNS.

The scavenging actions of microglia prevents the build up of toxic waste substances but may also contribute to neurodegeneration.

They reorganize their shape by changing their processes, allowing them to scan the local environment to dangers in CNS.

Regulate the development of the brain after birth, and in brain plasticity in adulthood.

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28
Q

Role of ependymal cells

A

Line ventricles to form barrier between ventricles and cells

Produce CSF

Have cilia that direct CSF and influence the distribution of neurotransmitters to neurons.

Some ependymal cells can divide and form neurons , allowing neuroregeneration

Provide an environment that protects axon stumps from degeneration after damage, allowing alternate neuronal connections to grow and restore function.

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29
Q

Role of satellite cells

A

Found only in the ganglion of the PNS

Regulate the external microenvironment

Respond to neuronal injuries.

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30
Q

Trophic molecules

A

Aid in the growth and development of other molecules.

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31
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Stimulate glands to make other hormones.

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32
Q

Number of axons on a neuron

A

1

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33
Q

Most common + diverse glial cell

A

Astrocytes

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34
Q

Protoplasmic cell location

A

In the gray matter

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35
Q

Fibrous cell location

A

In the white matter

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36
Q

Brain Brain Barrier constituents

A

A network of tightly packed endothelial cells

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37
Q

Astrocyte roles (summary)

A

Neurogenesis (growth + development of nerve tissue
Synaptogenesis (formation of synapses between neurons
Immune Response
Glial Scars
Blood-Brain Barrier
Maintain Homeostasis
Vasomodulation (the neuronal regulation of blood flow)

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38
Q

2 NS divisions

A

CNS
PNS

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39
Q

Location of CNS nerves

A

In the brain and spinal cord

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40
Q

Location of PNS nerves

A

Outside the brain and spinal cord

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41
Q

2 PNS divisions

A

Autonomic NS
Somatic NS

The somatic NS

42
Q

ANS neuron location

A

In deep internal structures (the gut, the heart, the lungs, the blood vessels…)

43
Q

SNS neuron location

A

More superficially located structures (the skeletal muscles of the body, the eye, the ear…)

44
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Carry info from periphery to CNS

45
Q

What are efferent neurons?

A

Carry info from CNS to periphery

46
Q

CNS neuron groups

A

nuclei or fields

47
Q

PNS neuron groups

A

ganglia

48
Q

bundles of nerve axons called

A

Nerve Tracts (or fasciculus)

49
Q

Reason that WM is white

A

The presence of a fatty substance called myelin

50
Q

What do sequences of nucleus to tracts to nucleus to tracts… create?

A

Neuronal circuits

51
Q

Functions that SNS controls

A

Voluntary functions

52
Q

Functions that ANS controls

A

Involuntary functions

53
Q

Controlled by MN

A

muscles

54
Q

2 Interneuron types

A

Local Interneurons
Projection (tract) Interneurons

55
Q

Controlled by the Enteric NS

A

The gastrointestinal tract

56
Q

Interneuron location

A

Only in the CNS

57
Q

Role of interneurons

A

Transmit information from one neuron to the next neuron.

58
Q

Distance travelled by local interneurons

A

Short distances between neurons within the one nucleus)

59
Q

Distance travelled by projection interneurons

A

Long distances (between neurons located in two different nuclei)

60
Q

Role of neuroendocrine cells

A

Receive neural input and release hormones into the blood supply to influence distant target organs.

61
Q

Unipolar cell characteristics

A

A single process and no dendrites

62
Q

Principle type of sensory neuron

A

Pseudo-unipolar cells

63
Q

Made up of pseudo-unipolar neuron

A

Sensory ganglia in the PNS

64
Q

Bipolar neuron characteristics

A

Neurons with two extensions: one axon, and one dendrite, that are mostly sensory neurons

65
Q

Multipolar neuron characteristics

A

Neurons with one axon and numerous dendrites

66
Q

Where axons extend from

A

The soma

67
Q

Region with dendrites and soma

A

Input Region

68
Q

What insulates some axons

A

A myelin sheath

69
Q

Region with axon hillock/initial segment

A

The integration region

70
Q

Role of the integration region

A

It collects all the information that a neuron receives before determining if there is sufficient excitation to relay that excitatory information along the conducting region.

71
Q

Constituents of a cells cytoskeleton

A

Micro-filaments and neuro-filaments for rigidity, and microtubules for transport

72
Q

Location of axon terminals

A

Specialized regions called synapses

73
Q

Region with axon

A

The conducting region

74
Q

Region with axon terminals and synapses

A

The output region

75
Q

Small protrusions on dendrites

A

Dendritic spines

76
Q

Role of dendritic spines

A

Excitatory inputs are provided by other neurons, they are the region through which chemicals flow into the cell when it is activated.

77
Q

The protein that allows dendrites to change shape (elongate and contract)

A

Actin

78
Q

3 classes of dendritic spines

A

Thin
Mushroom
Stubby

79
Q

Thin dendritic spine characteristics

A

Learning spines: they have been shown to grow when a new task is being learned.

80
Q

Mushroom dendritic spine characteristics

A

Memory spines they are formed from the thin spines when learned tasks are remembered.

81
Q

Causes of different proportions of dendritic spines

A

Different stages of life
Diseases

82
Q

The effect of alcohol on dendritic spines

A

decreases dendritic spine density

83
Q

Speed of neuronal transport via bulk flow

A

very slow

84
Q

The effect of learning on dendritic spines

A

increases dendritic spine density

85
Q

Role of neuro- and micro-filaments

A

to provide a framework of structural rigidity

86
Q

Role of microtubules

A

Transport of nutrients and waste products and the chemical neurotransmitters used to transmit information from the neuron’s terminals to the next cell/s in the chain. (Packages of nutrients or wastes are carried like along a conveyor belt along the outside of the microtubule.)

87
Q

The result of accumulation of organelles and particles in one area of a neuron

A

swelling of the axon and eventually in disconnection and lesioning of the axon (axotomy) - leading to neuronal death.

88
Q

In myelinated axons, the glial cell wraps itself around a part of the axon and winds itself tighter and tighter by ___

A

squeezing all its own content out to the outermost winding, so that all the inner windings of the sheath consist only of the cell membrane of the glial cell.

89
Q

Prevented by myelin sheathes, then resulting in faster info flow

A

Leakage of current

90
Q

The role of a neurons synapse

A

where neurons contacts other cells to relay information or commands.

91
Q

The gap separating 2 cells

A

A synaptic cleft

92
Q

Width of the synaptic cleft

A

approx. 20nm

93
Q

What do neurons use to carry information across the synaptic cleft?

A

chemical neurotransmitters

94
Q

the presynaptic neuron

A

The signalling neuron

95
Q

the postsynaptic neuron

A

The target cell

96
Q

When information is being sent from neuron to cell, what regions are sending and receiving the information?

A

The pre-synaptic neurons terminals to the post-synaptic neurons receptors

97
Q

Dendrites and soma

A

Input Region

98
Q

Brain injury can damage this part of neurons

A

the cytoskeleton

99
Q

Role of neuro- and micro-filaments

A

to provide a framework of structural rigidity

100
Q

annotation question

A

ORANGE = axon terminal of pre-synaptic cell (unmyelinated)
BLUE = axon of pre=synaptic cell
GREE vesicles of neurotransmitter
PINK = active zones
PURPLE = synaptic cleft
TEAL = post-synaptic cell
RED = post-synaptic density (receptors)

Neurology (2 decks)

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