CNS anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Falx cerebri

A
  • projects downwards to separate the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A
  • separates the occipital lobes from the cerebellum
  • contains tentorial notch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Periosteal dura mater

A
  • Outermost layer of dura mater
  • Dura mater is thick, tough and inextensible
  • lines the inner surface of the bones of the cranium.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Meningeal dura mater

A
  • located deep to the periosteal layer
  • continuous with the dura mater of the spinal cord.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Arachnoid mater

A
  • Arachnoid mater is the middle layer of the meninges
  • Lies directly underneath the dura mater
  • Consists of layers of connective tissue
  • Avascular
  • Does not receive any innervation.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pia mater

A
  • Located underneath the sub-arachnoid space
  • Very thin, and tightly adhered to surface of brain and spinal cord.
  • Follows contours of the brain (the gyri and fissures).
  • Highly vascularised
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Subdural space

A
  • a potential space that can be opened by the separation of the arachnoid mater from the dura mater
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Subarachnoid space

A
  • contains cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions the brain. - small projections of arachnoid mater into the dura (arachnoid granulations)
  • allow CSF to re-enter the circulation via the dural venous sinuses.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tentorial notch

A
  • Space found anteromedially in tentorium cerebelli for passage of the midbrain.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Superior sagittal sinus

A
  • Dural venous sinus
  • Runs through the groove for superior sagittal sinus
  • Appears triangular in cross section
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Inferior sagittal sinus

A

The inferior sagittal sinus is a dural venous sinus found within the inferior, free margin of the falx cerebri

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Straight sinus

A

The inferior sagittal sinus and the great cerebral vein join together to form the straight sinus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Transverse sinuses

A
  • runs through the tentorium cerebelli
  • collect the blood from the veins of the cerebellum and inferior surface of the brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cavernous sinus

A
  • Contains several key structures: abducens nerve, carotid plexus, internal carotid artery
  • Lateral wall contains: oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, ophthalmic and maxillary branches of trigeminal nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Confluence of sinuses

A
  • Straight, superior, and inferior sagittal sinuses converge at confluence of sinuses
  • Overlies the internal occipital protuberance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sigmoid sinuses

A
  • One of the dural venous sinuses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cerebrum

A

-Largest part of the brain, located superiorly and anteriorly in relation to the brainstem.

  • It consists of two cerebral hemispheres (left and right), separated by the falx cerebri of the dura mater.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • Caudal part of forebrain
  • Consists of thalamus and hypothalamus (and other structures but don’t need to know)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Brainstem

A
  • Distal part of brain that consists of midbrain pons, and medulla oblongata
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Important role in motor control
  • Sits inferior to occipital and temporal lobes, within the posterior cranial fossa.
  • It is separated from these lobes by the tentorium cerebelli, a tough layer of dura mater.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Spinal cord

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Midbrain

A
  • Acts as a conduit between the forebrain above and the pons and cerebellum below.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pons

A
  • The pons is the largest part of the brainstem
  • CN V, VI, VII, VIII emerge from the pons
  • Houses main sensory nucleus, trigeminal motor nucleus, abducens nucleus, facial nucleus, cochlear and vestibular nuclei
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Medulla

A
  • Houses essential ascending and descending nerve tracts as well as brainstem nuclei.
  • Contains pyramids, through which upper motor neurones descend
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Central sulcus
- Groove separating the frontal and parietal lobes.
26
Longitudinal fissure
- Separates cerebral hemispheres
27
Lateral fissure
- Separates frontal and parietal lobes
28
Frontal lobes
- Responsible for higher intellect, personality, mood, social conduct and language
29
Temporal lobes
- Responsible for memory and language including hearing (location of the primary auditory cortex).
30
Parietal lobes
- Responsible for language and calculation on the dominant hemisphere side, and visuospatial functions on the non-dominant hemisphere side
31
Occipital lobes
- The primary visual cortex (V1) is located within the occipital lobe - Responsible for vision.
32
Pre- and postcentral gyri
- Precentral gyrus – location of primary motor cortex. - Postcentral gyrus – location of primary somatosensory cortex.
33
Cingulate gyrus
- Part of limbic system - Isthmus is continuous inferiorly with parahippocampal gyrus in the temporal lobe of the human brain.
34
Parahippocampal gyrus
- Part of limbic system
35
Uncus of temporal lobe
- Extremity of parahippocampal gyrus - If it herniates, CN III can be compressed - Contains olfactory cortex
36
Calcarine sulcus
- Location of primary visual cortex
37
Parieto-occipital sulcus
- Marks boundaries between parietal and occipital lobes
38
Corpus callosum
- Large white matter tract that connects the two hemispheres of the brain.
39
Anterior and posterior commissures
- Work together to link the cerebral hemispheres of the brain - Interconnects amygdalae and temporal lobes - Contributes to memory, emotion, speech and hearing.
40
Septum pellucidum
- A thin, triangular, vertical membrane separating the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles of the brain.
41
Lateral ventricles
- The left and right lateral ventricles are located within their respective hemispheres of the cerebrum. - They have ‘horns’ which project into the frontal, occipital and temporal lobes.
42
Third ventricle
- The lateral ventricles are connected to the third ventricle by the foramen of Monro. - The third ventricle is situated in between the right and the left thalamus.
43
Cerebral aqueduct
- Connects third ventricle to fourth ventricle
44
Fourth ventricle
- Lies within the brainstem, at the junction between the pons and medulla oblongata. - Fluid then drains into central spinal canal and subarachnoid cisterns
45
Thalamus
- Situated at core of diencephalon - Grey matter - Relays and integrates a myriad of motor and sensory impulses between the higher centres of the brain and the peripheries.
46
Hypothalamus
- Has connections with the endocrine, autonomic (visceral motor), somatic motor, and limbic systems, maintaining a state of homeostasis. - Controls body temperature, blood circulation, food intake, fluid and electrolyte balance, the sleep-wake cycle, metabolism and sexual behaviour.
47
Pineal gland
- Produces melatonin - Tucked in a groove where 2 halves of the thalamus join
48
Pituitary gland
- Located in sella turcica of sphenoid bone - Anatomically and functionally closely related to the hypothalamus. - Anterior portion secretes pituitary hormones
49
Optic chiasm
- Fibres of the optic nerve (CN II) extend posteriorly from each eye and intersect within the middle cranial fossa, forming the optic chiasm. - Located at the base of the brain, just anterior and inferior to the location of the pituitary gland.
50
Fornix
- Found in the mesial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres, below the corpus callosum - Connects hippocampus to various cortical structures - Associated with the processes of cognition, memory consolidation, emotions and sexual responses
51
Cerebellar tonsils
- Can herniated through foramen magnum
52
Cerebellar peduncles
- Connect cerebellum to brainstem
53
Vermis
Found in the middle of the cerebellum
54
Olfactory nerve
Smell
55
Optic nerve
- Transmits special sensory information for vision
56
Oculomotor nerve
It provides motor and parasympathetic innervation to some of the structures within the bony orbit.
57
Trochlear nerve
- Innervates superior oblique (depresses and intorts eyeball)
58
Trigeminal nerve
- Innervate the skin, mucous membranes and sinuses of the face. - Mandibular branch innervates muscles of mastication: medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, masseter and temporalis. - Also supplies anterior belly of digastric and tensor tympani.
59
Abducens nerve
- Innervates lateral rectus muscle (abducts eyeball)
60
Facial nerve
- Supplies muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of the digastric, stylohyoid and stapedius muscles - Provides special taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue via the chorda tympani
61
Vestibulocochlear
- Hearing and balance
62
Glossopharyngeal
- Innervates the oropharynx, carotid body and sinus, posterior 1/3 of the tongue, middle ear cavity and Eustachian tube. - Provides taste sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue. - Innervates parotid gland. - Innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle of the pharynx.
63
Vagus
- Innervates skin of the external acoustic meatus and the internal surfaces of the laryngopharynx and larynx. Provides visceral sensation to the heart and abdominal viscera. - Provides taste sensation to the epiglottis and root of the tongue. - Provides motor innervation to the majority of the muscles of the pharynx, soft palate and larynx. Parasympathetic: Innervates the smooth muscle of the trachea, bronchi and gastro-intestinal tract and regulates heart rhythm.
64
Accessory nerve
- Innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
65
Hypoglossal nerve
- Innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue
66
Cervical enlargement
- Located proximally, at the C4-T1 level. - It represents the origin of the brachial plexus.
67
Lumbar enlargement
- Between T11 and L1 is the lumbar enlargement, - It represents the origin of the lumbar and sacral plexi.
68
Conus medullaris
At the L2 vertebral level the spinal cord tapers off, forming the conus medullaris.
69
Filum terminale
- Formed distally by meninges - Strand of fibrous tissue - Attaches to the vertebral bodies of the coccyx - Acts as an anchor for the spinal cord and meninges.
70
Lumbar cistern
- This space is accessed during a lumbar puncture (to obtain CSF fluid) and spinal anaesthesia.
71
Cauda equina
- A bundle of spinal nerves that arise from the distal end of the spinal cord. - They run in the subarachnoid space, before exiting at their appropriate vertebral level.