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Neuroscience and mental health > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

important function of the CNS

A

communication

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2
Q

ways that the CNS is involved in communication

A

with the external world - through peripheral CNS receptors eg sensor neurons, somatic and special senses
within the organism - visceral sensation, involuntary movement, somatic movement, higher cognitive functions - blood pressure and pH

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3
Q

what does the afferent division do

A

bring information to CNS from the receptors (somatic and visceral sensory)

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4
Q

what does the efferent division do

A

carries motor commands away from the CNS (that are processed and integrated) to peripheral tissues and systems via autonomic and somatic nervous systems

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5
Q

what makes our brain so complex

A

wrinkles ie gyrus increases the surface area - if cortex unfolded it would be 10x the size
we have the largest number of neurons in the cortex

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6
Q

describe the brain as an onion

A

has different layers
begin with reptilian brain - basic and instinctive behaviour eg eat, aggression and reproduce
increase complexity with layers - emotions
to primates with frontal cortex which plan and think of consequences
reflected in structure of brain - go from ancient parts to more modern and complex

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7
Q

what does the anatomical description ‘coronal’ mean

A

across - like a headband

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8
Q

what does the anatomical description ‘sagittal’ mean

A

through midline

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9
Q

what does the anatomical description ‘caudal’ mean

A

towards tail

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10
Q

what does the anatomical description ‘ventral’ mean

A

towards abdomen

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11
Q

what does the anatomical description ‘dorsal’ mean in the brain

A

superior

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12
Q

what does the anatomical description ‘rostral’ mean in the brain

A

towards the frontal lobe

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13
Q

what does the anatomical description ‘caudal’ mean in the brain

A

towards the spinal chord

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14
Q

what does the anatomical description ‘ventral’ mean in the brain

A

inferior

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15
Q

describe the spinal cord

A

a column of nervous tissue
protected in vertebral column - stack of vertebrae, hole in middle for spinal cord - allow movement
have holes called foramen - where nerves leave - interface with peripheral nervous system

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16
Q

where do the nerves leave the spinal cord

A

in cervical section they leave above the vertebrae
one also leaves below C8
after that they leave below the vertebrae

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17
Q

in cervical vertebrae how many nerves and vertebrae

A

8 nerves 7 vertebrae

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18
Q

sections of the spinal cord in order

A 
cervical 
thoracic 
lumbar 
sacral
coccygeal
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19
Q

in thoracic section how mant vertebrae and nerves

A

12

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20
Q

in lumbar section how many vertebrae and nerves

A

5

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21
Q

in sacral section how many vertebrae and nerves

A

5

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22
Q

in coccygeal section how many vertebrae and nerves

A

1

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23
Q

where does the spinal chord finish

A

start of the lumbar section

below this there is no tissue, just the emergence of nerves run to find vertebrae to emerge

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24
Q

where do you do a lumbar puncture

A

in the lumbar cistern - between L3 and 4 or L4 and 5 - safe because there is no nervous tissue, less risk to injure tissue

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25
Q

what is the cauda equina

A

bundle of fibres in the lumbar area

‘horse’s tail’

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26
Q

what changes throughout the spinal cord

A

the diameter larger diameter at cervical and lumber level - nerves for hands and legs emerge

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27
Q

what does each segment of the spinal cord correspond to

A

a part of body
dermatome (area of skin)
myotome (area of muscle)

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28
Q

how do nerves leave the spinal cord

A

by dorsal and ventral route join to form nerve

communication with sympathetic ganglia - line side of vertebral column

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29
Q

what is the grey matter

A

where the cell bodies are

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30
Q

why is the white matter white

A

where the myelinated neurons are

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31
Q

structure of spinal cord

A

core of grey matter surrounded by funiculi of white matter

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32
Q

describe the horns in the spinal cord

A

the dorsal and ventral routes travel out of the dorsal and spinal horns where their respective cell bodies are
dorsal horn has sensory neurons
ventral horn has motor neurons

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33
Q

what is the ascending tract of the white matter

A

axons go up to the brain

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34
Q

what is the descending tract of the white matter

A

axons go down the spinal cord

they send instructions to muscle

35
Q

what is the autonomous role of the spinal cord

A

reflexes

36
Q

describe the patella reflex

A

quadriceps are elongated
sensory receptor
signal to grey matter
motor neuron sendsignal for muscle to contract
collateral signals go to brain - you are conscious of the action but it is controlled on the spinal cord

37
Q

sections of the brain as from embryonic origin

A

forebrain(prosencephalon): diencephalon - thalamus and hypothalamus, cerebral hemisphere (telencephalon)
Midbrain
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon): brain stem - pons and medulla oblongata, cerebellum

38
Q

sections of the brain with functional characteristics

A

Cerebrum: cerebral hemisphere, diencephalon - thalamus and hypothalamus
brain stem(blub): midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
cerebellum

39
Q

what is the bulbar tract

A

it is from the cortex to the brain stem

40
Q

similarity of things in the brain stem

A

have a similar function

41
Q

relationship between spinal cord and brain stem

A

they are continuous

similar structure of grey and white matter

42
Q

cranial nerves in brain stem

A

origen brain stem (nuclei there)

important for breathing, control of heart beat, swallowing and eye movement - lesion in brain stem is fatal

43
Q

describe the cells in the brain stem

A

enlargement of brain stem with deposition of pyramidal neurons - motor tracts from the brain stem to spinal cord, this is where they cross - control opposite side of the body

44
Q

substantia nigra

A

degenerate in parkinsons

in mid brain

45
Q

pons

A

bridge connect brain stem to cerebellum

46
Q

describe the diencephalon

A

has the thalamus - is bilateral, one either side of the brain
it is in the centre of the brain
info from all afferents - integration for somatic and special senses and projects info to the cortex
involved in appropriate movement, emotional status consciousness and the sleep wake cycle
hypothalamus: integration centre (visceral) . regulates temp, hunger, thirst, hormones and autonomic function

47
Q

what is a ganglion

A

a group of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

48
Q

what is a nucleus

A

group of cell bodies in the CNS

49
Q

what is the subcortical structure in the cerebral hemisphere

A

the basal ganglia

50
Q

what is the function of the basal ganglia

A

control movement
facilitate voluntary movement
inhibit unwanted or inappropriate movements
fine tuning

51
Q

main basal ganglia

A

caudate nucleus - tadpole shape
putamen
together form the corpus striatum because connections between them make stripes
putamen and globus pallidus form lentiform nucleus (shape like a lense)

52
Q

other structures in basal ganglia

A

substantia nigra
subthalamic nucleus (in diencephalon)
nucleus accumbens

53
Q

substantia nigra role

A

fine tunes movement
suppresses movement
coordinates signals from cortex and cerebellum

54
Q

describe the cerebral cortex

A

2-4mm thick
wrinkled in gyrus - only 30% exposed
70% within the sulci
fissures divide the gyri into lobes - central fissure separate frontal and parietal lobe

55
Q

motor association area

A

neurons plan program for contraction of muscles required for an action

56
Q

primary motor cortex

A

neurons send signals for precise finely coordinated limb movement - contralateral

57
Q

primary somesthetic cortex

A

primary somatosensory cortex for touch pain and temperature

58
Q

somesthetic association area

A

interprets sensory info eg for hand eye coordination

59
Q

visual association area

A

recognise faces

60
Q

primary visual cortex

A

receive visual signals

61
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

receive auditory signals

62
Q

auditory association are

A

recognise signals received as spoken words

63
Q

primary gustatory cortex

A

receive taste signals

64
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

personality, judgement, interpretation of the world , planning

65
Q

broca area

A

motor program for speech

moves tongue and lips

66
Q

Wernicke area

A

recognition of spoken word and speech

67
Q

describe the lamina of the cortex

A

6 layers
layer where only pyramidal cells
layer where there is only connecting white layer
older parts eg hippocampus - simpler with only 3/4 layers

68
Q

describe the somatotopic of the cortex

A

each part of the body is recognised on the brain

face hand and lips a lot of nerve terminals

69
Q

describe the limbic system

A

made from different parts of the brain with the same function
mamillary body in midbrain
limbic = edge - arranged around the edge of the midbrain

70
Q

what is the action of the limbic system

A

motivation, instinctive behaviour, emotion, memory, fear

71
Q

parts of the limbic system

A 
amygdaloid body 
mamillary body 
hypothalamus 
anterior group of thalamic nuclei
corpus callosum 
fornix
pineal gland 
cingulate gyrus 
parrhippocampal gyrus 
hippocampus
72
Q

describe the cerebellum

A 
made of 2 hemispheres 
white matter in the middle 
grey at the edge 
have folia - increase SA 
central vermis 
attached to brainstem posteriorly with 3 pairs of peduncles
73
Q

what is the cerebellum connected to

A

vestibular system for balance
spinal cord and muscles for movement, muscle tone and posture
motor cortex and thalamus for learned movement - disease manifest as ataxia

74
Q

describe features in the white matter

A

commissural fibres - connect between 2 hemisperes
association fibre - connect within hemispheres
projection fibres - from cortex to spinal cord through internal capsule and spread out at corona radiata reach many parts of the cortex

75
Q

describe the cranium

A

base of skull have different hollows
anterior fossa - frontal lobe
posterior cranial fossa - midbrain and cerebellum
middle cranial fossa - temporal and hypothalamus
fibres through foramen magnum, tiny holes where nerves leave the skull

76
Q

describe the meninges

A

dura mater - hard and hass fibres, periosteal connect to skull and meningeal connect to lower meninges -venous
arachnoid mater - connective tissue, hold vessels in place
subrachnoid is where the vessels run, full of CSF - fill ventricles
pia mater - follow the gyrus - more flexible

77
Q

describe the ventricular system

A

hollow space in CNS
lateral ventricles: anterior, inferior and posterior horn
joined by interventricular foremen between thalamus
aceduct goes from 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle, continuous with the central canal

78
Q

what happens at the choroid plexus

A

untrafiltration of plasma
CSF produced
network of capillaries line ependymal cells - filtered into the ventricles

79
Q

how much CSF is produced a day

A

500ml

80
Q

how does CSF composition differ to plasma composition

A

lower glucose, protein, ca and k and pH

higher cl and Mg

81
Q

how can the CSF give diagnostic information

A

if high protein shows abnormality eg infection

82
Q

what is the function of the CSF

A

it is cushioning, circulates nutrition, removes waste and circulates immune cells

83
Q

describe the pathway of CSF

A 
made in choroid plexys 
lateral ventricle 
through interventricular foramina 
3rd ventricle 
cerebral aqueduct 
4th ventricle 
through lateral and median apertures 
subarachnoid space 
arachnoid villi of dural venous sinuses 
venous blood 
heart and lungs 
arterial blood
84
Q

what happens in aqueduct is blocked

A

by infection/tumour/malformation
hydrocephalus
enlargement of the ventricle, compression of tissue and can result in enlargement of the whole head

Neuroscience and mental health (14 decks)

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