CNS 2.0 Flashcards by Chelsea Fleischman

Short association fibers ______
A. project from one cerebral hemisphere to the other
B. project from one gyrus to another within the same lobe
C. project from one lobe to another within the same hemisphere
D. project away from the cortex

B. project from one gyrus to another within the same lobe

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What is the most caudal part of the central nervous system?
A. spinal ganglion
B. autonomic ganglion
C. spinal cord
D. brain

C. spinal cord

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The \_\_\_\_ plate is dorsal and has \_\_\_\_\_ functions
A. alar/sensory
B. basal/sensory
C. alar/motor
D. basal/motor

A. alar/sensory
(Sensory becomes dorsal in midbrain and lateral in spinal cord)

Basal is ventral with motor neurons

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Which of the following belongs to the Diencephalon?
A. hypothalamaus
B. thalamus
C. epithalamus
D. all of the above

D. All of the above

Diencephalon is the region of the embryonic neural tube that gives rise to posterior forebrain structures

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Which of the following are commissural fibers?
A. corpus callosum
B. uncinate fasciculus
C. superior longitudinal fissure
D. arcuate fasciculus

A. corpus callosum

uncinate fasciculus - association fibers
superior longitudinal fissure - assocation fibers
arcuate fasciculus - association fibers

association fibers: unite different parts of the same cerebral hemisphere
projection fibers: unite cortex with the lower pons
commissural fibers(transverse fibers): connect two hemispheres of the brain

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Which of the following does not make up a part of the coccygeal ligament?
A. gray mater
B. dura mater
C. arachnoid mater
D. pia mater

A. Gray matter

only contained within spinal cord and terminates with cord at L2

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The dentate ligament is made up of \_\_\_\_\_
A. pia mater
B. dura mater
C. arachnoid matter
D. all of the above

A. pia mater

From deep to superficial layers:

Pia mater (combined with dentate ligament)
arachnoid mater
dura mater

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The following structures belongs to the mesencephalon
A. olive
B. inferior colliculus
C. fascial colliculus
D. thalamus

C. inferior colliculus

olive - myelencephalon
fascial colliculus - metencephalon
thalamus - diencephalon

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The inferior cerebellar peduncle attaches the \_\_\_\_\_ to the cerebellum
A. cerebrum
B. pons
C. midbrain
D. medulla

D. medulla

Middle cerebellar peduncle attaches cerebellum to pons

Superior cerebellar peduncle attaches midbrain to pons

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Neurons possess which one of the following structures?
A. cell membrane
B. mitochondrion
C. nissl bodies
D. all of the above

D. all of the above

nissl bodies: rough ER with rosettes of free ribosomes and are site of protein synthesis

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The cerebral cortex can have up to \_\_\_\_\_ lamina (layers)
A. 6
B. 18
C. 12
D. 24

A. 6

Other lamina are deep to the cortex

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Damage to the occipital lobe would most likely cause\_\_\_\_\_\_
A. loss of hearing
B. loss of ability to smell
C. loss of vision
D. loss of proprioception

C. loss of vision

frontal lobe - learning, emotions, judgment, problem solving, planning

parietal lobe - proprioception, touch perception, voluntary movements

temporal lobe - hearing, long term memory

brain stem - breathing, heart rate, swallowing

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Most neurons have one ______ and multiple _____
A. axon/dendrite
B. dendrite/axon

A. axon/dendrite

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Betz cells are located in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A. inner granular layer
B. inner pyramidal layer
C. outer granule layer
D. outer pyramidal layer

B. inner pyramidal layer

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In general, ganglia are found in the \_\_\_\_\_\_ while groups of neurons in the \_\_\_\_\_ are called nuclei
A. pns/ans
B. pns/cns
C. cns/pns
D. cns/ans

B. pns/ cns

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Which embryonic structure forms the peripheral nervous system?
A. neural crest (pns)
B. neural tube (cns)
C. neural pore
D. neural groove

A. neural crest (pns)

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What is not part of Broca's area?
A. pars orbitalis
B. pars opercularis
C. pars triangularis
D. none of the above

A. pars orbitalis

located anterior to Broca’s area

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The transverse temporal gyro are located on the superior surface of the \_\_\_\_.
A. frontal lobe
B. limbic lobe
C. temporal lobe
D. piriform lobe

C. temporal lobe

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The sulcus laminates separated the alar plate from the basal plate in the embryonic neural tube. (T/F)

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The more complicated task, the more layers the cerebral cortex has (T/F)

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The occipital lobe includes the cuneus and lingual gyri (T/F)

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Wernicke’s area is usually dominate only on one side of the brain (T/F)

(“wernicke’s speech area” involved in producing of written and spoken languages)
Damage to this area results in receptive (wernicke’s) aphasia which is the ability to fluent connect words but they lack meaning.
Damage to Broca’s area results in Broca’s aphasia results in a person using meaningful words but in a non-fluent manner

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The neuron doctrine states that the neuron is the basic functional unit of the nervous system (T/F)

that’s just what it says, okay?

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Synapses are present in the spinal ganglia. (T/F)

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Corticospinal fibers are association type fibers. (T/F)

The ventricles of the adult brain from the the hollow central cavity of the neural tube (T/F)

Neurotransmitters are released at synapses and also at neuromuscular junctions (T/F)

``` The strip of skin innervated by a spinal nerve is called a _______ A. receptive field B. dermatome C. motor unit D. sensory unit ```

B. dermatome receptive field - part of body surface which a stimulus will trigger the firing of a neuron (hair, skin, retina) motor unit - motor neuron and skeletal muscle fibers innervated by that motor neuron's axonal terminals

``` In general, an axon is ______ A. a lot longer than a dendrite B. about the same length as a dendrite C. two or three times the length of a dendrite D. shorter than a dendrite ```

A. a lot longer than a dendrite

``` In which part of the neuron are signals sent most rapidly from one place to another? A. dendrites B. cytoplasm C. cell body D. axon ```

D. axon

``` All of the neurons in the adult are descendants of cells of the embryonic ______ A. endoderm B. ectoderm C. pachyderm D. mesoderm ```

B. ectoderm endoderm - forms epithelial lining of multiple systems as well as lungs, thyroid, and pacers mesoderm - forms cardiac and skeletal muscle, tubule of kidney, red blood cells, and smooth muscles of gut

The caudal equine is ______ A. another name for the cervical plexus B. the inferior extension of the Pia mater C. a denticulate ligament D. lumbar and sacral roots extending inferior to the end of the cord

D. lumbar and sacral roots extending inferior to the end of the cord

``` Spinal ganglion cells _______ A. are malarious structures B. are motor in function C. are mesenchymal in origin D. form posterior nerve roots ```

D. form posterior nerve roots sensory in function mesenchymal cells - mulitpotent/ differentiate into a variety of cell types (oseoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and muscle cells)

``` In the cerebral hemispheres, superior and ____ are the same direction A. inferior B. dorsal C. rostral D. ventral ```

B. dorsal

``` Which of the following cranial nerves is attached to the midbrain? A. olfactory B. trigeminal C. occulomotor D. abducens ```

C. occulomotor

``` Muscle spindles are _____? A. nociceptors B. stretch receptors C. mechanoreceptors D. thermoreceptors ```

B. stretch receptors

``` Nuclear bag fibers receive ______ and _____ fibers. A. gamma efferent B. Ia primary afferent C. group II afferent D. Ib primary afferent E. B and C ```

E. Ia primary afferent and group II afferent

``` There are ___ pairs of spinal nerves in the spinal cord A. 29 B. 30 C. 31 D. 32 ```

C. 31

``` All neurons are ____ in the CNS A. unipolar B. mulitpolar C. both D. none of the above ```

B. multipolar unipolar - only one process extends from the cell body multipolar - contains single axon and many dendrites

Match the following: 1. shcwann cell 2. astrocyte 3. microglia 4. oligodendrocytes 5. ependymal ``` A. create myelination in the CNS B. phagacytosis C. helps to produce CSF D. forms myelination in the PNS E. Helps to produce BBB ```

1. schwann cell - forms myelination in PNS 2. astrocyte - helps to produce BBB 3. microglia - phagocytosis 4. oligodendrocytes - create myelination in the CNS 5. ependymal - helps to produce CSF

``` Which of the following is the most common type of synapse? A. axosomatic B. axodendritic C. dendrodendritic D. somosomatic ```

B. axodendritic

``` In the frontal lobe, which of the following structures separates the cingulate gyrus from the cingulate sulcus? A. superior frontal sulcus B. inferior frontal sulcus C. middle frontal sulcus D. all of the above ```

C. middle frontal sulcus | not quite sure about this question, but it was on there

``` The corticospinal tract descends in the _____ limb of the internal capsule and is originated in the ____ cortex within the precentral gyrus A. posterior/motor B. anterior/sensory C. posterior/sensory D. anterior/motor ```

A. posterior/motor

``` In the spinal cord, the ventral root is _____ in function A. sensory B. motor C. both D. none ```

B. motor Dorsal roots are sensory

``` In the spinal cord, the marginal zone mainly consist of fibers and _____ A. immature cells (intermediate zone) B. mature cells (marginal zone) C. stem cells (ventricular zone) D. all of the above ```

B. mature cells

Which of the following is a true statement of the structure around the meninges? A. subarachnoid space is located subarachnoid and pia mater B. filum terminale is the fusion of the dura and pia mater C. denticulate ligament is the extension of pia mater and runs on the lateral side of spinal cord D. coccygeal ligament runs between the pia mater and conus medullaris

C. denticulate ligament is the extension of pia mater and runs on the lateral side of the spinal cord

The cingulate sulcus separates the ______ A. superior front gyrus and cingulate gyrus B. cuneus and lingual gyrus C. paracentral lobule and cingulate gyrus D. precuneus and cuneus

C. paracentral lobule and cingulate gyrus

``` The telencephalon makes up the lateral walls of the ______ A. lateral ventricle B. cerebral aqueduct C. third ventricle D. fourth ventricle ```

A. lateral ventricle

``` The mammillary bodies are found in the _______ A. medulla B. diencephalon C. pons D. midbrain ```

B. diencephalon

``` Which of the following types of glia form myelin in the peripheral nervous system? A. schwann cells B. microglia C. oligodendrocytes D. astrocytes ```

A. schwann cells

``` Microglia _________ A. myelinate neurons B. are phagocytes C. retrive transmitters D. assist CSF movement ```

B. are phagocytes

``` The following structure belongs to the metencephalon A. olive (medulla) B. inferior colliculus (hind-brain) C. facial colliuculus D. thalamus ```

C. facial colliculus

``` Which belongs to the occipital lobe? A. parahippocampal gyrus B. pars triangularis C. precuneus D. cuneus ```

D. cuneus

Compared to the large muscles of the thigh, muscles of the fingers require ______ A. more neuronal involvement B. less neuronal involvement C. the same neuronal involvement

A. more neuronal involvment

``` Which of the following tracts releases serotonin at the spinal cord level? A. hypothalamospinal B. dorsolateral C. lateral corticospinal D. raphe spinal ```

D. raphe spinal Ends at raphe-midline Releases serotonin ALL SENSORY info goes through this tract IT controls sensory input

``` The first order tract of proprioception from the lower limb is the ______ tract A. fasciculus gracilis B. dorsolateral fasciculus C. dorsal spinocerebellar D. ventral spinocerebellar ```

A. fasciculus gracilis

``` The unconscious proprioceptive fibers of the fascicles cuneus terminates in the ____ nucleus A. cerebellum B. nucleus cuneatus C. lateral vestibular D. accessory cuneate ```

D. accessory cuneate @ medulla

``` Loss of ____ would result from a lesion of the lateral corticospinal tract A. ipsilateral voluntary motor control B. contralateral voluntary motor control C. ipsilateral deep reflex D. contralateral muscle ```

A. ipsilateral voluntary motor control 80% fibers cross over>>lateral corticospinal tract 10% fibers cross over as anterior corticospinal tract

``` The ____ tract is concerned with intersegmental spinal reflexes A. lateral corticospinal B. central tegmental tract C. fasciculus proper D. anterior corticospinal ```

C. fasciculus proper

``` The origin of the rubrospinal tract is located in the red nucleus of the _____ A. medulla oblongata B. pons C. midbrain D. diencephalon ```

C. midbrain

``` The ____ tract originates from the superior colliculus A. tectospinal B. spinal lemniscus C. medial lemniscus D. medial longitudinal fasciculus ```

A. tectospinal

``` Which of the following structures gives rise to the lateral corticospinal tract? A. commissure of the medial lemnisucus B. anterior white commissure C. tectospinal nucleus D. pyramidal decussation ```

D. pyramidal decussation

``` The spinal lemniscus (spinothalamic tract) is concerned with ______ functional components A. GVE B. SSA C. GVA D. GSA ```

D. GSA

``` Which of the following tracts decussates (crosses over) in the midbrain? A. ventral corticospinal B. vestibulospinal C. ventral spinocerebellar D. lateral lemniscus ```

C. ventral spinocerebellar

``` The involuntary motor control tracts terminate mainly in lamina A. I, IV, V (VI) B. VIII and X C. VIII, VII, and some in IX D. IV and V ```

C. VIII, VII, and some IX

``` Which of the following tracts move the head in maintaining equilibrium and center of gravity? A. rubrospinal B. medial longitudinal fasciculus C. vestibulospinal D. medullary reticulospinal ```

C. vestibulospinal

Which of the following nuclei is part of the auditory pathway? A. inferior colliculus B. vestibular C. red

A. inferior colliculus

``` When the ____ is injured or destroyed, the ipsilateral eye cannot adduct when the contralateral eye abducts in the lateral gaze examination A. brachium of the superior colliculus B. medial longitudinal fasciculus C. optic tract D. tectobulbar ```

A. brachium of the superior colliculus

``` The lateral entry zone of the dorsal root contains _____ fibers A. motor B. unmyelinated C. second order D. proprioceptive ```

D. proprioceptive

``` The larynx and pharynx are innervated by the lower motor neurons of the _____ nucleus A. raphe B. dorsal vagal C. hypothalamus D. ambiguous nucleus ```

D. ambiguous nucleus

``` Which of the follow structures is located within the lumbar cistern? A. coccygeal ligament B. denticulate ligament C. cauda equina D. anterior spinal artery ```

C. cauda equina

``` The anterior horn consists of Rexed lamina or laminae _____ A. IV, V (VII) B. III, VIII C. X D. IX ```

D. IX

``` ______ is the interneuron nucleus for vertical gaze control A. accessory occulomotor B. abducens C. trigeminal D. optic ```

A. accessory oculomotor

``` The fixation and smooth pursuit movement of the eyeball are largely _____ and the pathway originates from the ______ A. voluntary/ occipital lobe B. voluntary/ front eye field C. involuntary/ occipital lobe D. involuntary/ superior colliculus ```

D. involuntary/ superior colliculus

``` In which of the following locations would you find golgi cells? A. substantia gelatinosis B. dorsal root ganglia C. anterior horn D. spinal ganglion ```

B. dorsal root ganglion

The GVE preganglionic neurons that supply the heart are located in the _____ nucleus A. ambiguous B. lateral reticular formation C. accessory nuclei of C1-C5 spinal cord segments D. dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve

D. Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve

``` The outer layer of the coccygeal ligament is formed by the _____ A. periosteum B. epineureum C. dura mater D. leptomeninges ```

C. dura mater

``` The _____ anchors the inferior end of the cord to the dura A. denticulate ligament B. filum terminale C. coccygeal ligament D. cauda equina ```

B. filum terminale

``` The anterior radicular artery is located on the ____ of the spinal nerve A. ventral root B. ventral funiculus C. ventral ramus D. anteriolateral fissure ```

C. ventral ramus

``` The piriform lobe includes all of the following structure except: A. entorhinal cortex B. amygdala C. uncus D. cingulate gyrus ```

A. entorhinal cortex

``` Which vessel supplies the majority of the lateral side of the cerebrum? A. anterior cortex B. middle cerebral C. posterior cerebral D. lateral artery of sylvius ```

B. middle cerebral

``` Venous drainage from deep structures empties into the ____ before returning to the heart. A. external jugular vein B. internal jugular vein C. superior sagittal sinus D. inferior sagittal sinus ```

B. internal jugular

``` Which does not supply the medulla? A. posterior inferior cerebellar artery B. anterior spinal artery C. posterior spinal artery D. anterior inferior cerebellar ```

D. anterior inferior cerebellar

``` Disrupting the cholinergic input to the hippocampal formation causes? A. plasticity B. anterograde amnesia C. problems with remembering lists D. long term potentiation ```

C. problems with remembering lists

``` Climbing fibers in the cerebellum originate from? A. purkinje fibers B. inferior olivary nucleus C. precerebellar nuclei D. spinal cord ```

B. inferior olivary nucleus

``` Which term refers to an increased resistance to passive movement? A. bradykinesia B. tremors C. rigidity D. ahtetosis ```

C. rigidity Akinesia=lack of movement Bradykinesia=slow movement Ballismus=wild, flailing limbs Tremor=oscillating contracting of agonistic & antagonistic muscles

``` Which cerebellar nucleus is the biggest in humans? A. fastigial B. globose C. emboliform D. dentate ```

D. dentate

``` Im trying to get a glass of water and my hand trembles more and more as it gets closer to the glass. What is the problem? A. haven't had a drink that day B. lesion in the cerebellum C. snorted a mountain of cocaine D. lesion of the amygdala ```

B. lesion of the cerebellum

``` Which of the following nerves has an autonomic component? A. occulomotor B. trochlear C. abducens D. all of the above ```

D. all of the above

``` "Autonomic afferents" ______ A. have cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia B. carry visceral pain sensations C. carry visceral distention sensations D. all of the above ```

D. all of the above

``` Preganglionic sympathetic fibers ______ A. are myelinated B. originate in the cranial nerve nuclei C. are nonadrenergic D. all of the above ```

A. are myelinated

The fornix originates in the ______ and ends in the ______ A. entorhinal cortex/ dentate gyrus B. CA3, CA1 C. fimbria of the hippocampus, mammillary bodies D. dentate gyrus, CA3

C. fimbria of the hippocampus, mammillary bodies

Where are the postganglionic sympathetic bodies located? A. near the organ B. intermediolateral cell column C. both

A. near the organ

``` Which of the following systems cannot be mapped in the brain? A. olfactory B. visual C. auditory D. general somatic sensory ```

A. olfactory

``` What organ is responsible for coordination of movement? A. cerebellum B. pons C. cerebrum D. occipital lobe ```

A. cerebellum

``` Muscle tone is the primary function of _______ A. anterior hypothalamic nucleus B. pontine reticular formation C. dieter's nucleus D. B and C ```

D. pontine reticular formation and dieter's nucleus (lateral vestibulospinal tract)

``` Which of the following produces melatonin? A. amygdaloid nucleus B. pineal body C. hypothalamus D. red nucleus ```

B. pineal body

``` The CNS is derived from _____ A. mesoderm B. endoderm C. archenteron D. the neural tube (ectoderm) ```

D. the neural tube

``` Sensory structures in the medulla are ____ to the sulcus laminates, but in the spinal cord they are _____ A. medial/dorsal B. medial/ventral C. lateral/dorsal D. lateral/ventral ```

C. lateral/dorsal

``` Neurons can communicate with each other ____ A. electrically B. chemically C. both D. neither ```

C. both

``` In the cortex, motor function is found in which lobe? A. parietal B. frontal C. temporal D. occipital ```

B. frontal

``` The temporal lobe includes ______ A. the olfactory cortex B. auditory cortex C. visual cortex D. more than one of the above ```

B. auditory cortex

``` What is not true about postganglionic sympathetic fibers A. they are myelinated B. they are far form the target organ C. most are noradrenergic D. they can increase heart rate ```

A. they are myelinated

``` The olfactory glomeruli contain fibers (axons or dendrites) from all of the following except A. periglomerular cells B. granule cells C. mitral cells D. olfactory epithelia ```

B. granule cells

``` These neurons are replace about every two months? A. cone cells B. olfactory nerves C. hair cells D. none ```

B. olfactory nerves

``` The olfactory tract is an outgrowth from the ___________ A. telecephalon B. diencephalon C. mesencephalon D. metencephalon ```

A. telecephalon

``` Which olfactory stria is primarily responsible for the perception of odor? A. intermediate B. lateral C. medial D. posterior ```

C. medial

All sensory inputs must go through the thalamus before reaching the cerebral cortex (T/F)

``` Only the______ axon extends outside of the cerebellar cortex A. granule cell B. basket cell C. purkinje cell D. stellate cell ```

C. purkinje Basket stay in cortex and inhibit purkinje. They affect cells away from them. Stellate are star-shaped. Affect cells near them. Stay in cortex and inhibit purkinje Granular stay within cortex but EXCITE purkinje

``` Humans use only about ____ capacity of their brain A. 5% B. 10% C. 50% D. 15% ```

B. 10%

Odors have the ability to elicit emotional response (T/F)

The spinal cord has seven function components (T/F)

F the spinal cord has 5

An upper motor lesion can occur in the peripheral nervous system (T/F)

The anterior nucleus of the thalamus receives its information from ______

mammillary bodies

Olfactory tissue is _________

striated epithelium

What is the anterior border of the thalamus?

lamina terminalis

The anterior corticospinal tract____

crosses the midline of the spinal cord

The nerve fibers of the solitary tract______

modulate cardiac and respiratory function

Which of the following structures is the source of GVE preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to the the otic ganglion

inferior salivatory nucleus

A 72 yr old with a history of cardiovascular disease had the sudden onset of confusion, during which her left arm and leg became weak. The weakness was most likely due to damage to which of the following?

right internal capsule

The posterior spinocerebellar tract originates from neurons located in

the dorsal nucleus of clark

The functional component associated with the cell bodies located int he visceromotor ganglia is

GVE

Herring bodies are structures found in the

posterior pituitary

``` Mitral cells are neurons that are part of the _________ A. tactile system B. visual system C. olfactory system D. auditory system ```

C. olfactory system

Which cranial nerve has four nuclei in the brain?

Vestibular CN VIII

Upper motor neurons are located in the _____

telecephalon

What tract is involved in turning the head toward a stimulus

tectospinal

Upper motor neurons are located in the _____

telecephalon

The medial geniculate body deals with which system?

auditory system

The reticular formation_______

goes everywhere and does everything

``` All of the following are secreted by the anterior pituitary except _______ A. ADH, GH B. prolactin C. TSH, FSH D. ACTH, LH ```

C. TSH, FSH

``` The hypothalamus is associated with ______ A. ans B. limbic C. endocrine D. all of the above ```

D. all of the above

``` Which artery is the biggest branch off of the internal carotid? A. posterior cerebral B. middle cerebral C. anterior cerebral artery D. basilar artery ```

B. middle cerebral

``` All of the following are secreted by the anterior pituitary except _______ A. ADH, GH B. prolactin C. TSH, FSH D. ACTH, LH ```

A. ADH, GH

``` Which olfactory stria are primarily responsible for perception of odor? A. medial B. lateral C. ventral D. dorsal ```

A. medial - gives direction of odor lateral-connected to memory

CNS 2.0 Flashcards

(135 cards)