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A&P 2 > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Name the Meninges and what they do as a whole

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
Protective coverings of the CNS

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2
Q

What are the 3 primary brain ventricles

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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3
Q

Name the 5 secondary brain ventricles

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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4
Q

What does the Prosencephalon (forebrain) turn into

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

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5
Q

What does the mesencephalon (midbrain) turn into

A

Mesencephalon:
Brain stem - midbrain

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6
Q

What does the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) turn into

A

Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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7
Q

What does the Telencephalon turn into

A

Cerebrum

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8
Q

What does the Diencephalon turn into

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

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9
Q

What’s in the Cerebrum

A

Cerebral Hemispheres

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10
Q

What’s in the Cerebral hemispheres

A

Cortex
White matter
Basal nuclei

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11
Q

What does the Metencephalon turn into

A

Brain stem:
Pons
Cerebellum

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12
Q

What does the Myelencephalon turn into

A

Brain stem:
Medulla oblongata

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13
Q

What is the falx cerebri and what does it do

A

Dense CT that separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
Protects the brain from “sloshing” around

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14
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli

A

Separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum

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15
Q

What is the falx cerebelli

A

Separates the 2 cerebellar hemispheres

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16
Q

What is a capillary

A

Smallest type of blood vessel in the body where arteries and veins meet

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17
Q

What are arteries and what do they do

A

Blood vessels that carries blood from the heart to the brain

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18
Q

What are veins and what do they do

A

Blood vessels that carry used blood from body/brain back to the heart

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19
Q

Rostral

A

Towards the beak / towards the front of the brain

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20
Q

Caudal

A

Towards the tail / towards the back of the brain

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21
Q

When does an embryo turn into a fetus

A

after 8 weeks / 2 months

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22
Q

What are stem cells?

A

cells that can mature into different types of cells

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23
Q

What are germ cells

A

Group of cells in an embryo that interact with each other and contribute to all organs and tissues

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24
Q

What are the types of germ cells

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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25
What does ectoderm turn into
Nervous tissue
26
What does mesoderm turn into
Muscle
27
What does endoderm turn into
Mucosa of the digestive and respiratory systems
28
What is gastrulation
Inner cell - Blastula is reorganized into a multi-layered structure
29
when does gastrulation happen
Around 13-16 days / week 2
30
What is the process of neurulation
Process of making a neural tube
31
when does Neurulation occur
18-22 days / week 3
32
What is a notochord
Way to tell the front and back of the neural tube
33
What does a notochord do
Releases chemicals to tell neural plate to fold
34
How much of the blood supply goes to the brain from carotid arteries
80%
35
How much of the blood supply goes to the brain from vertebral arteries
20%
36
What are the three types of strokes
Ischemic Hemorrhage Transient Ischemic Attack
37
What is a Ischemic stroke
Restriction of blood supply to tissues
38
Hemorrhagic
Blood has escaped blood vessels / ruptured blood vessels
39
Transient Ischemic Attack - TIA
Temporarily blocked blood flow to the brain
40
What does infarction mean
Tissue death is caused by a lack of blood flow
41
What are dural venous sinuses
Space between the two dural layers where used-up blood is stored
42
What are bridging veins
Veins that drain blood from the brain surface into the dural sinus
43
What is the blood-brain barrier
Separation of blood from nervous tissue
44
What do the internal jugular veins do
Brings blood back to heart from dural venous sinus
45
What does Cerebral Spinal Fluid do
Cushions / acts as a shock absorber Protects the brain from the skull Gives brain buoyancy/brain floats in it Removes waste Maintain homeostasis of interstitial fluid Deliver nutrients
46
What is the septum pellucidum
Connects and separates the 2 lateral ventricles
47
What are arachnoid granulations
Extensions of the arachnoid mater into the dural sinus - where CSF drains into the blood
48
What is the cerebral aqueduct
The structure that connects the third and fourth ventricles
49
What is the interventricular foramen
Structure where lateral and third ventricles meet/connect
50
What is the lateral median apertures
Where the ventricles connect to the subarachnoid space
51
What is the choroid plexuses
Clusters of capillaries in the roofs of the 3rd and 4th ventricles where blood is filtered to make CSF
52
What are ependymal cells
Epithelial-type cells that line ventricles and make CSF by filtering blood from capillaries
53
How much CSF do we make in a day
500mL/day
54
How much CSF do we have removed in a day
500mL/day
55
How much CSF do we have constantly
150mL/day
56
What is the longitudinal fissure
Separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres
57
What is the transverse fissure
Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
58
What are gyri/gyrus
Elevated ridges of tissue on the brains surface
59
What are sulci/sulcus
Shallow groves between gyri/gyrus
60
What is the lateral sulcus
Separates parts of the frontal lobe and parietal lobe from the temporal lobe
61
What is the central sulcus
Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
62
What is the Pre-central gyrus
Frontal lobe - contains a primary motor area for skeletal movement
63
What is the Post-central gyrus
Parietal lobe - contains a primary sensory area for receiving impulses from sensory receptors
64
What is the corpus callasum
structure that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres
65
What makes up the cerebrum
Grey matter
66
What does the cerebrum do
"Higher" function / consciousness
67
What lives in grey matter
Cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, glial cells/neuroglia
68
What side of the brain controls the right side of the body
Left
69
What side of the brain controls the left side of the body
Right
70
What are interneurons
Neurons that connect different parts of the brain Motor neurons leaving the brain Sensory neurons going into the brain
71
What are lateralization representations
A part of the brain that does "something" that only exists on one side of the brain
72
What are contralateral representaions
Real estate on one side of the brain represents what is happening on the opposite side of the body
73
What is decussation
Neurons that cross over to the other side/go to the cortex on the opposite side (contralateral)
74
Where is the primary motor cortex
The front half of the brain/Pre-central gyrus
75
Where is the primary sensory cortex
The back half of the brain/Post-central gyrus
76
What lives in the white matter
Myelinated axons, aka tracts
77
What do Tracts do
Connect white matter to other white matter and allow cortex to communicate with lower level CNS-brainstem & spinal cord
78
What are commissural fibers
Fibers that connect corresponding areas of different sides to each other
79
What are association fibers
Fibers that connect local neighborhoods of neurons in the brain to others on the same side
80
What is the main function of basal nuclei
Inhibit/filter out unnecessary/inappropriate movements that are not useful/helpful
81
What key roles do basal nuclei help in
Motor control Sensory processing Cognition Emotion Consciousness
82
What are the 3 basal nuclei
Caudate Putamen Globus Pallidus
83
What 2 basal nuclei create the Corpus Striatum
The caudate and Putamen
84
What are substantia nigra
Black substance deep in the brain that creates dopamine
84
What causes parkinsons
Decreased dopamine caused by substantia nigra not effectively taking in melanin
85
What causes huntingtons
Degenerating/disintegrating basal nuclei
86
What is the brains anatomy from superficial to deep
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, cortical bone, spongy bone, cortical bone, periosteum, dura mater-periosteal, dura mater-meningeal, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia mater, nervous tissue.
87
What part of the brain lives in the anterior cranial fossae
Frontal lobe
88
What part of the brain lives in the middle cranial fossae
Temporal lobe
89
What part of the brain lives in the posterior cranial fossae
Cerebellum
90
What is brodmann's area
52 named areas of the cerebral cortex that are associated with specific activities
91
What is the Broca's area responsible for and where is it located
ability to speak/form words, located in the left frontal lobe
92
Neurotransmitter classification
Made by a neuron Stored by a neuron Released by a neuron Have an effect of a effector
93
What is the most excitatory neurotransmitter
Glutamate
94
Does Glutamate excite or inhibit, and does it depolarize or hyperpolarize
Excitatory - Depolarize
95
Does GABA excite or inhibit, and does it depolarize or hyperpolarize
Inhibitory - Hyperpolarize
96
What factors contribute to enhanced learning and memory
Emotion Repetition/Rehearsal Association Sleep
97
What is syncope
Brief loss of consciousness frequently caused by inadequate cerebral blood flow

A&P 2 (4 decks)

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