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2.1 BRS Neurology > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Central Nervous System
- Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the 2 components of the diencephalon?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
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2
Q

What are the 3 regions of the brain?

A
  1. Forebrain —> cerebral hemispheres
    —> diencephalon
  2. Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain —> pons
    —> medulla
    —> cerebellum
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3
Q

What are the 4 outer lobes of the brain and their functions?

A
  1. Frontal - front
    —> motor function - primary motor cortex
    —> language
    —> cognitive (executive, attention, memory)
  2. Parietal - top middle
    —> sensation - somatosensory cortex
    —> sensory language
    —> spatial orientation
    —> self-perception
  3. Temporal - bottom side
    —> auditory processing
  4. Occipital - back
    —> visual processing
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3
Q

What are the 3 components of the brainstem?

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla
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4
Q

What are 2 inner lobes of the brain and their functions?

A
  1. Limbic - centre
    - amygdala, hippocampus, mamillary body,
    cingulate gyrus
    —> learning, memory
    —> emotion
    —> motivation, reward
  2. Insular cortex - deep in lateral fissure
    —> visceral sensation
    —> autonomic control
    —> interoception
    —> auditory processing
    —> visual-vestibular integration
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5
Q

What are the meninges?

A

3 layers of protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord:

  1. Dura - thick, outermost
    - 2 layers —> periosteal
    —> meningeal
  2. Arachnoid - thin, transparent
  3. Pia - thin, translucent, innermost
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6
Q

What is CSF?

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Production —> choroid plexus of 3rd + 4th ventricles
—> 500 ml/day
- Location —> ventricular system
—> sub-arachnoid space
- Volume —> 125 ml
- Reabsorption —> by arachnoid villi
—> to superior sagittal sinus
- Properties - vs plasma
—> dec pH
—> dec glucose
—> dec proteins
—> dec K+

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7
Q

What are the main structures of a spinal cord segment? (3)

A
  1. Grey matter —> dorsal horn
    —> ventrak horn
  2. White matter - outside
  3. Spinal nerve - splits —> dorsal (root ganglion, root,
    rootlets)
    —> ventral (root, rootlets)
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8
Q

What is the organisation of the spinal cord?

A

Segments —> C8, T12, L5, S5, C1
- 2 mixed spinal nerves from each
- C1-C7 —> nerves out above corresponding vertebrae
- C8-Co1 —> nerves out below corresponding
vertebrae
- no C8 vertebrae —> below C7

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9
Q

Where are the 2 spinal cord enlargements?

A
  1. Cervical - C5 —> upper limb innervation
  2. Lumbar - L2 —> lower limb innervation
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10
Q

What are the 2 major descending (motor) pathways?

A
  1. Corticospinal tract - primary motor cortex to spine
  2. Corticobulbar tract - primary motor cortex to
    brainstem
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11
Q

What is the corticospinal tract?

A

Motor tract of CNS innervating muscles below the neck

Movement:
- Voluntary movement

Organisation (ignore corticobulbar):
1. Upper motor neurone
- primary motor cortex to spinal cord
- limbs —> to lateral nucleus
- decussate in medulla (85%) —> opposite
- trunk —> to anterior nucleus
- straight in medulla (15%) —> same

  1. Lower motor neurone
    • spinal cord to skeletal muscle

Damage:
- Motor neurone disease —> paralysis —> death

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12
Q

What is the dorsal column pathway?

A

Sensory tract of CNS

Senses:
- Fine touch
- Vibration
- Proprioception

Organisation:
1. Primary nerve
- sensory receptor to spinal cord
- via dorsal horn
- enter spinal cord —> terminate further up
- from lower limbs (<T6) —> up to gracile nucleus
from upper limbs (>T6) —> up to cuneate nucleus
2. Secondary nerve
- spinal cord to thalamus
- decussate in caudal medulla —> contralateral
medial lemniscus tract
3. Tertiary nerve
- thalamus to somatosensory cortex

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13
Q

What are the 2 major ascending (sensory) pathways?

A
  1. Dorsal column pathway
    • fine touch, vibration, proprioception
  2. Spinothalamic pathway
    • pain, temperature, crude touch
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14
Q

What is the spinothalamic pathway?

A

Sensory tract of CNS

Senses:
- Pain
- Temperature
- Crude touch

Organisation:
1. Primary nerve
- sensory receptor to spinal cord
- via dorsal horn
- terminate when reach spinal cord
- pain/temp —> to lateral nucleus
crude touch —> to anterior nucleus
2. Secondary nerve
- spinal cord to thalamus
- decussate at point of entry to spinal cord
3. Tertiary nerve
- thalamus to somatosensory cortex

15
Q

How are the 3 tracts arranged in white matter?

A

Symmetrical on 2 sides of cord segment:
1. Corticospinal - lateral —> middle
- anterior —> front rim
2. Dorsal —> back slice
3. Spinothalamic - lateral —> middle rim
- anterior —> front middle

16
Q

What is the corticobulbar tract?

A

Motor tract of CNS innervating the muscles of the neck and above

Movement:
- Voluntary movement

Organisation (ignore corticobulbar):
1. Upper motor neurone
- primary motor cortex to cranial nerve nucleus
(brainstem)

  1. Lower motor neurone
    • cranial nerve nucleus (brainstem) to skeletal
      muscle
    • occulomotor nucleus —> extraocular muscles
      trochlear nucleus —> extraocular muscles
      trigeminal nucleus —> muscles of mastication
      abducens nucleus —> extraocular muscles
      facial nucleus —> muscles of facial expression
      hypoglossal —> tongue muscles
17
Q

Which 4 sets of muscles are innervated via the corticobulbar tract?

A
  1. Extraocular - occulomotor
    - trochlear
    - abducens
  2. Mastication - trigeminal
  3. Facial expressions - facial
  4. Tongue - hypoglossal
18
Q

What are the 6 motor tracts?

A

Voluntary:
1. Corticospinal —> muscles below neck
2. Corticobulbar —> muscles above neck

Automatic:
3. Vestibulospinal —> adjusts head and posture
4. Tectospinal —> adjust head/neck during eye
movement
5. Reticulospinal —> postural control
6. Rubrospinal —> lower motor neurones of upper
limbs

19
Q

What is the organisation of nerves in ascending tracts?

A
  1. Primary - receptor —> spinal cord
    - dorsal —> up to gracile/
    cuneate nucleus
    - st —> end immediately
  2. Secondary - spinal cord —> thalamus
  3. Tertiary - thalamus —> somatosensory cortex

2.1 BRS Neurology (13 decks)

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