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Stage 3 Case 1 > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 anatomical planes?

A

Sagittal
Coronal
Horizontal

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2
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Left to right

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3
Q

What is the coronal plane?

A

Back to front

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4
Q

What is the horizontal plane?

A

Top to bottom

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5
Q

What is the front of the brain?

A

Anterior or Rostral

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6
Q

What is the back of the brain?

A

Posterior or Caudal

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7
Q

What is the top of the brain?

A

Dorsal or Superior

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8
Q

What is the bottom of the brain?

A

Ventral or Inferior

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9
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

Allows an organism to interact with the environment.

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10
Q

What is somatic and visceral sensory?

A

This is the receptors that sense the change in environment.

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11
Q

What is sensory afferent?

A

Receives the signal from sensory receptors and pass to CNS.

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12
Q

What is the motor efferent

A

These are the output nerves which is split into the Autonomic nervous system and Somatic nervous system.

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13
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

The brain regulating the environmental reflexes without conscious perception. It is split into the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system.

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14
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

This includes the skeletal muscles. E.g. if you can move your arm.

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15
Q

Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system.

A

Fight or flight

Sympathetic causes things like increase HR and para does the opposite.

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16
Q

What are the divisions of the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

What are the divisions of the Peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

Sensory and motor nervous system.

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18
Q

General somatic senses

A

Receptors are widely spread

  • Touch
  • Pain
  • Vibration
  • Pressure
  • Temperature
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19
Q

Proprioceptive senses

A

Detect stretch in tendons and muscle

-Body sense - position and movement of body in space

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20
Q

Special somatic senses

A
  • Hearing
  • Balance
  • Vision
  • Smell
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21
Q

Visceral sensory

A

General visceral senses – stretch, pain, temperature, nausea, and hunger

  • Widely felt in digestive and urinary tracts and reproductive organs
  • Special visceral sense - taste
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22
Q

Exteroceptors

A

Sensitive to stimuli arising from outside body

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23
Q

Why is it harder to detect pain on the inside of the body?

A

As there are fewer receptors.

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24
Q

Mechanoreceptors (Exteroceptor) stimuli

A

Pressure and movement

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25
Q

Mechanoreceptors (Exteroceptor) location

A

Skin, muscles ears

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26
Q

Photoreceptors (Exteroceptor) stimuli

A

Light

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27
Q

Photoreceptors (Exteroceptor) location

A

Eyes

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28
Q

Chemoreceptors (Exteroceptor) stimuli

A

Chemicals

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29
Q

Chemoreceptors (Exteroceptor) location

A

Nose, mouth

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30
Q

Thermoreceptors (Exteroceptor) stimuli

A

Temperature

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31
Q

Thermoreceptors (Exteroceptor) location

A

Skin

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32
Q

Nociceptors (Exteroceptor) stimuli

A

Pain

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33
Q

Nociceptors (Exteroceptor) location

A

Skin

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34
Q

Enteroceptors

A

Or visceroreceptors, from internal viscera

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35
Q

Enterorceptors examples

A

Baroreceptors and Chemoreceptors

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36
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Monitor degree of stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints and ligaments. (muscle stretch)

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37
Q

The 4 lobes of the brain

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

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38
Q

What is the brain stem?

A

Primary control centre of the ANS. Integrates autonomic sensory information with effector commands from the hypothalamus. Connects brain to spinal cord.

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39
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Involved in forward planning. Inhibition of impulses and motor control.

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40
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Involved in sensory perception

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41
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Most of the visual process.

42
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Hearing and language.

43
Q

White matter

A

Bundles of axons each coated with a sheath of myelin

44
Q

Grey matter

A

Masses of the cell bodies and dendrites – each covered with synapses

45
Q

Grey matter in the brain

A

Concentrated on the outside

46
Q

White matter in the brain

A

Connective fibres on the inside.

47
Q

Grey matter in the spinal cord

A

Concentrated on the inside (opposite of brain)

48
Q

White matter in the spinal cord

A

Connective fibres on the inside.

49
Q

Ventricular systems in the brain

A

Fluid filled cavities in the brain

50
Q

How many spinal nerves?

A

31 that are attached through dorsal and ventral nerve roots.

51
Q

How are spinal nerves named?

A

According to the spinal cord segment from which they originate.

52
Q

5 names of spinal nerves

A 
Cervical (8)
 Thoracic (12)
 Lumbar (5)
 Sacral (5)
 Coccygeal (1)
53
Q

Dorsal roots

A

Sensory fibres from cell bodies in dorsal roots ganglion

54
Q

Ventral roots

A

Motor fibres from anterior grey column of spinal cord

55
Q

Neurones

A

Send signals

56
Q

Astrocytes

A

Sub type of glia cell. Sit between the blood supply and neurones. This is the BBB. Drugs must pass thought here to get to the neurones.

57
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Helps produce myelin around axons

58
Q

Microglia

A

Involved in fighting infections.

59
Q

Ependymal cells

A

They play a critical role in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis, brain metabolism, and the clearance of waste from the brain.

60
Q

8 parts of the structure of neurone

A

Dendrite, cell body, nucleus, Node of Ranvier, myelin sheath, Schwann cell, axon, and axon terminal.

61
Q

3 parts all neurones have

A

Dendrite, cell body (soma) and axon.

62
Q

What are the two major cells of the brain?

A

Neurones and glia cells.

63
Q

What is the synapse?

A

The connection between other neurones.

64
Q

The brain stem controls (5)

A 
Cardio
 Respiratory
 pH
 CO2
 Bladder control
65
Q

The hypothalamus controls

A

The hypothalamus is involved in homeostatic control and can modify brainstem control pathways. Overriding control of ANS, particularly known for temperature control.

66
Q

Three main ANS control centres

A

Brainstem, hypothalamus, and limbic system

67
Q

Role of the ANS

A

The ANS controls visceral function, its primary function is to maintain homeostasis and control the internal environment of the body

68
Q

Limbic system purpose

A

Controls emotional / motivational control

centres and can influence physiological responses

69
Q

Homeostasis

A

The control of the internal Environment

70
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic in terms of the spinal cord.

A

They come out of slightly different parts of the spinal card and sued slightly different neurotransmitters.

71
Q

2 major neurotransmitters of the ANS

A

Acetylcholine and noradrenaline

72
Q

Sympathetic nervous system preganglionic neurotransmitter

A

ACh (Acetylcholine)

73
Q

Sympathetic nervous system postganglionic neurotransmitter

A

NA (Noradrenaline)

74
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system preganglionic neurotransmitter

A

ACh (Acetylcholine)

75
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system postganglionic neurotransmitter

A

ACh (Acetylcholine)

76
Q

What is preganglionic?

A

Before the spinal cord

77
Q

What is postganglionic?

A

After the spinal cord

78
Q

Purpose of acetylcholinesterase

A

Allows the breakdown of acetylcholine so the muscle can relax.

79
Q

Hindbrain

A

Cerebellum, pons, medulla, oblonganta, reticular formation

80
Q

Tectum

A

Superior colliculi and inferiro colliculi

81
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Three specializations

82
Q

Sensory areas

A

Sensory input translated into perception

83
Q

Motor areas

A

Direct skeletal movement

84
Q

Association areas

A

Intergate information from sensory and motor areas, can direct voluntary behaviours.

85
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Located in the postecentra gyrus.

86
Q

Arachnoid

A

blood vessels run through

87
Q

Pia mater

A

very thin layer separating the two parts its between

88
Q

Dura mater

A

Outermost layer; continuous with epineurium of the spinal nerves

89
Q

Hindbrain

A

Cerebellum, pons, medulla, oblongata, reticular formation

90
Q

Midbrain

A

Made up of the

91
Q

What are high brain motors involved in?

A

Motor control

92
Q

What re the two components for transmembrane transport

A

Chemical and electrical driving force

93
Q

Electrical driving force

A

charges difference across the membrane

94
Q

Chemical driving force

A

concentration gradient across the membrane

95
Q

Electrical gradient + Chemical gradient

A

Electrochemical gradient

96
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

is generated by the mechanisms of active transport (pumps, ATP-ases)

97
Q

What is the membrane potential?

A

Differences of voltage across the membrane

98
Q

What is the major intracellular cation?

A

Potassium

99
Q

What is the overall major and biggest ion?

A

Chlorine

100
Q

Voltage-gated ion channels

A

Transmembrane proteins that form ion channels that are activated by changes in the electrical membrane potential

Stage 3 Case 1 (12 decks)

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