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NMA 250: CNIM Prep > CNIM Vocabulary > Flashcards

CNIM Vocabulary Flashcards

Acquaint yourself with the vocabulary surrounding IONM.

1
Q

Acoustic Neuroma (Vestibular Schwannoma)

A

Tumor of the cochlear or vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII.

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2
Q

CPA Tumor

A

Tumor in the cerebellopontine angle, usually affecting cranial nerves VII and VIII.

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3
Q

Sensorineural Deafness

A

Impairment of the cochlea or cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve.

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4
Q

Conduction Deafness

A

An impairment of the external and middle ear mechanism, including atherosclerosis (reduced blood supply due to obstruction of the arteries by plaque bodies).

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5
Q

Tinnitus

A

Any noise in the ear including ringing and/or buzzing. Caused by a build up of cerumen in the ear, damage to the eardrum, diseases of the inner ear such as Meniere’s disease and otosclerosis, or drugs such as aspirin and quinine.

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6
Q

Vertigo

A

Hallucination that one is moving or their surrounding environment is moving. A symptom found in those with diseases of the labyrinth, vestibular nerve, or its nuclei in the brain stem.

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7
Q

Otosclerosis

A

A hereditary disorder leading to deafness caused by an overgrowth of bone in the inner ear leading to the stapes being fixed to the fenestra ovalis, which separates the middle and inner ear, so that sound is not conducted to the inner ear.

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8
Q

Otitis

A

Inflammation of the ear.

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9
Q

Otitis Media

A

Acute infection of the middle ear cavity with the reddening and outward bulging of the eardrum, which may rupture.

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10
Q

Otalgia

A

Pain in the ear.

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11
Q

Labyrinthine Disease

A

Malfunction of the inner ear characterized by deafness, tinnitus, vertigo, nausea, and vomiting.

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12
Q

Meniere’s Disease

A

A type of labyrinthine disorder characterized by fluctuating hearing loss, attacks of vertigo, and rearing tinnitus.

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13
Q

Presbycussis

A

Hearing loss with age, usually resulting in high frequency hearing loss.

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14
Q

Acoustic Reflex

A

Auditory/Facial nerve reflex arc that pulls the acoustic muscle tight, blocking hearing.

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15
Q

Patellar Reflex

A

Normal monosynaptic sensorimotor reflex elicited by tapping the patellar tendon, causing contraction of the extensor muscles of the upper leg (kicking motion).

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16
Q

Babinski Reflex

A

Loss of brain control over the lower extremities and loss or lessening of the Achilles tendon reflex in sciatica. Elicited by scraping the soles, causing the toes to pull up (dorsiflexion). It occurs in lesions of the pyramidal (corticospinal) tract.

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17
Q

Romberg Signs

A

The tendency of a patient to fall when he closes his eyes standing still with his feet close together. Due to loss of joint position sensation, as with tabes dorsalis.

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18
Q

Hoffman Signs

A

Increased mechanical irritability of the sensory nerves in tetany. The ulnar nerve is usually tested. A sudden nipping of the nail of the index, middle, or ring finger produces flexion of the terminal phalynx of the thumb and of the second or third phalynx of the another finger, also known as digital reflex. Indicates cervical myelopathy.

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19
Q

L’Hermitte’s Sign

A

In cervical cord injuries or cord degeneration, transient dysesthesia and weakness noted in all four limbs when the patient flexes the head forward.

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20
Q

Tinel’s Sign

A

Used for noting a partial lesion or beginning regeneration of a nerve. Tingling sensation of the distal end of a limb when percussion is made over the site of the divided nerve such as in carpal tunnel impingement of the median nerve of the hand. Also called formication sign or distal tingling on the percussion (DTP) sign.

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21
Q

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

A

Due to the damage of one half of the spinal cord, resulting in the ipsilateral paralysis and loss of discriminatory joint sensation, and contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation.

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22
Q

Horner’s Syndrome

A

Sinking of the eyeball, ptosis of the upper eyelid, slight elevation of the lower lid constriction of the pupil, narrowing of the palpebral fissure, and anhidrosis and flushing of the affected side of the face. Caused by paralysis of the cervical sympathetic nerves.

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23
Q

Tourette’s Syndrome

A

Brain disorder causing variable symptoms such as facial twitching and involuntary outbursts of profanity.

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24
Q

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

A

Stenosis of the brain stem at the foramen magnum due to malpositioned brain stem or cerebellum.

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25
Q

Tic Douloureaux (Trigeminal Neuralgia)

A

Compression of the trigeminal nerve by a vessel (usually SCA) causing attacks of severe facial pain.

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26
Q

Syringomyelia

A

Progressive cavitation within the central (usually cervical) spinal cord, resulting in segmental muscle weakness and loss of pain and temperature sensation.

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27
Q

Myelomenigocele

A

Protruding sac of the meninges, filled with fluid and possibly nerve root or spinal cord fibers via a defect in the spinal canal.

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28
Q

Myelopathy

A

Functional disturbances or pathological changes in the spinal cord.

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29
Q

Myelitis

A

Inflammation of the spinal cord.

30
Q

Bell’s Palsy

A

Paralysis of the facial muscles due to facial nerve dysfunction.

31
Q

Ataxia

A

Failure of muscular coordination. Staggering gait disturbance.

32
Q

Apraxia

A

Inability to perform purposeful movement (caused by brain injury).

33
Q

Paresthesia

A

Perverted sensation such as burning, prickling, or tingling.

34
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Progressive degenerative nervous disorder resulting in demyelinating plaques that affect the central nervous tracts.

35
Q

Charcot-Marie-Tooth

A

Peripheral neuropathy causing widespread demyelination.

36
Q

Friedrich’s Ataxia

A

Progressive disorder affecting large myelinated fibers in the nervous system. Can result in abnormal or absent SSEPs.

37
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A

Acute febrile polyneuritis.

38
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A

Lou Gerig’s disease. Progressive nervous disorder which attacks motor fibers, causing progressive paralysis.

39
Q

Radiculopathy

A

Pinched or compressed nerve root.

40
Q

Myesthenia Gravis

A

Muscle disorder involving the insufficient production of acetylcholinesterase resulting in weakened muscles.

41
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Disorder resulting in the inability to metabolize sugar. Chronic conditions of hyperglycemia cause peripheral neuropathy.

42
Q

Dyskinesia

A

Difficulty or distortion in performing voluntary movements, as in tic, chorea, spasm, or myoclonus. The term dyskinesia may be used in relation to Parkinson’s disease and other extrapyramidal disorders. Dyskinesia can occur as a side effect of certain medications such as L-dopa and antipsychotics.

43
Q

Spina Bifida

A

Condition where the lamina (usually lumbar) failed to fuse during development.

44
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral curvature of the spine.

45
Q

Kyphosis

A

Excessive curvature of the thoracic spine.

46
Q

Lordosis

A

Excessive curvature of the lumbar spine.

47
Q

Ankylosis

A

Fused joint.

48
Q

Spondylosis

A

Inflammation of the vertebrae.

49
Q

Spondylosisthesis

A

Forward displacement of one vertebra over another vertebra.

50
Q

Ankylosing Spondylitis

A

A type of rheumatoid arthritis disease causing spontaneous fusion of the spine. May also affect other large joints.

51
Q

Claudication

A

Inadequate blood flow to large muscle groups of lower limbs resulting from hardening of the arteries, causing pain, numbness, or heaviness in muscle groups. Triggered by exercise and relieved by rest.

52
Q

Facet Subluxation

A

Malalignment of opposing facets, allowing one cervical vertebral body to rotate around another.

53
Q

Interspinous Pseudoarthrosis

A

The formation of a false joint between two spinous processes.

54
Q

Luxation

A

Dislocation of bone or bones at a joint site.

55
Q

Muscular Dystrophy

A

A group of degenerative muscle disorders resulting in atrophy and weakness.

56
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

Syndrome of attacks of muscle weakness that are episodic and reversible. Also called Erb-Goldflam disease.

57
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Chronic disorder of a joint with excessive erosion of the cartilage surface associated with excess bone formation at the margins of the joint and gradual loss of function because of pain and stiffness. This may be the outcome of abnormal mechanical forces, such as prior injury, or a systemic disorder such as rheumatoid arthritis or gout.

58
Q

Osteoma

A

Hard tumor of bone-like structure developing on the bone. Benign tumor or spongy bone.

59
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of bone marrow, cortex, tissue, and periosteum. Can be caused by an organism, usually bacteria.

60
Q

Osteopathy

A

Any disease of the bones.

61
Q

Osteophyte

A

Bony excrescence or osseous outgrowth, usually found around the joint area of bone.

62
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Diminution of both the mineral and matrix components of bone such that the remaining bone is normal in composition but reduced in total bone mass. The secondary cause of osteoporosis is immobilization such as casting. Primary osteoporosis is an age-related disorder characterized by decreased bone mass and by increased susceptibility to fractures in the absence of other recognizable causes of bone loss.

63
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Sarcoma in which cancer cells make bone.

64
Q

Pseudoarthrosis

A

False joints that result from non-union of a fracture or from a pathologic bone condition.

65
Q

Spina Bifida

A

Congenital absence of a large portion of the posterior spine, usually in the lumbosacral region. The severest form is myelomeningocele.

66
Q

Spinal Stenosis

A

General term denoting narrowing of the spinal canal leading to nerve root compromise. Term often used for developmental abnormality that leaves a narrow, bony canal.

67
Q

Spondylo

A

Root disease.

68
Q

Spondyloexarthrosis

A

Dislocation of a vertebra.

69
Q

Spondylitis

A

Inflammation of vertebrae. Types include ankylosing, rheumatoid, tramatic, and spondylitis deformans.

70
Q

Spondylolysis

A

Disruption of the pars interarticularis (a portion of bone between each of the joints of the back), allowing one vertebral body to slide forward on the next.

71
Q

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

A

A mechanical problem related to the exit of arteries and nerves at the base of the neck leading down the arm, and can also involve the vein bringing blood back from the arm. Compression of these structures as they pass through a narrow foramen between the scalenus anticus muscle and the first rib. Early signs are pain in the hand or shoulder. Arteries may be damaged in the process and cause an aneurysm in the area with possible break off of blood clot.

NMA 250: CNIM Prep (2 decks)

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