CNA Glossary - Vocabulary Flashcards
24 hr. Urine Collection
a urine specimen consisting of all urine voided in a 24-hr period
Abandonment
the action of abandoning a helpless senior (can be illegal)
Adominal Thrust
method of attempting to remove an abject from the airway of someone who is choking
Adbuction
moving a body part away from the midline of the body
Abduction Pillow/Wedge
a wedge-shaped pillow positioned between the legs to immobilize and position the hips and lower extremities, usually used after hip surgery
Ability
the means or skill to be able to do something
Abuse
purposeful mistreatment that causes physical, mental, or emotional pain or injury to someone
Abuse Registry
includes names of persons who have abused, neglected,, exploited, or misappropriated the property of vulnerable adults.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in which the body’s immune system is weakened and unable to fight infection
Active Range of Motion (AROM)
move a joint through its range of motion without assistance
Acute Care
24-hour skilled care for short-term illnesses or injuries (typically given in hospitals and ambulatory surgical centers)
Adaptive/Assistive Devices
special equipment that helps a person who is ill or disabled to preform activities of daily living
Adduction
moving a body part toward the midline of the body
ADLs
Activities of Daily Living; daily personal care tasks such as bathing; caring for skin; nails, hair, and teeth; dressing; toiling; eating and drinking; walking; and transferring
Adult Protective Series (APS)
social services provided to abused, neglected, or exploited older adults and adults with significant disabilities
Advance Directive
legal documents that allow people to choose what medical care they wish to have if they are unable to make those decisions themselves
Affected
a side of the body or limb that is weakened due to a stroke or injury (also called the weaker or involved side)
Ageism
Prejudice toward, stereotyping of, and/or discrimination against older persons or the elderly
Agitation
the state of being excited, restless, or troubled
Airborne Precautions
infection control measures taken to prevent the spread of pathogens that can be transmitted through the air after being expelled and remain floating in the air for a long time. These measures include using a special mask such as an N95 or HEPA respirator
Alignment
arrangement in a straight line, or in correct or appropriate relative positions
Alveoli
any of the may tiny air space of the lugs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange
Alzheimer’s Disease
a progressive, incurable disease that causes tangled nerve fibers and protein deposits to form in the brain, eventually causing dementia
AM Care
cares normally performed in the morning such as bathing, dressing, breakfast, etc
Ambulate/Ambulation
Walk; move about
Amputation
the surgical removal of some or all of the body part, usually a hand, arm, leg, or foot
Amputee
a person who has had a limb amputated
Anaphylaxis
an acute allergic reaction to an antigen (e.g, a bee sting) to which the body has become hypersensitive
Anemia
a condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells or of hemoglobin in the blood, resulting in pallor and weariness
Angina
chest pain, pressure, or discomfort usually associated with heart muscle that is not getting enough oxygen
Anti-Microbial
an agent that destroys, resists, or prevents the development of pathogens
Antiembolism Stocking
a special stocking that helps prevent swelling and blood clots and aids in circulation by gently squeezing the legs to increase blood flow
Anxiety
uneasiness or fear, often about a situation or condition
Aphasia
a general term for a group of disorders that affect a person’s ability to communicate with others
Apical
the adjective for apex, the tip of a pyramidal or rounded structure, such as the lung or the heart. An — pulse is measured the listening over the apex (lower tip) of the heart with a stethoscope.
Apnea
temporary cessation of breathing, especially during sleep
Artery
any part of the muscular-walled tubes forming part of the circulation system by which blood )mainly that which has been oxygenated) is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body
Asepsis
the process of removing pathogens, or the state of being free of pathogens
Aspiration
the inhalation of food, fluid, or foreign material into the lungs
Aspiration Precautions
interventions to reduce the risk of aspiration of food, liquids, and/or secretions during the swallowing process
Assault
a threat to harm a person, resulting in the person feeling fearful that he or she will be harmed
Assisted Living
residences for people who do not need skilled, 24-hour care, but do require some help with daily care
Asthma
a respiratory condition marked by spasms in the bronchi of the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing
Atrophy
the wasting away, decreasing in size, and weakening of muscles from lack of use
Autism
a mental condition, present from early childhood, characterized by difficulty in communicating and forming relationships with other people and in using language and abstract concept
Axillary
relating to the armpit
Bacteria
a one-celled organism including some that can cause disease
Base of Support
refers to the area beneath a person that includes every point of contact that the person makes with the supporting surface (to maintain balance when standing, your — is your feet)
Battery
the intentional touching of a person without his or her consent
Bed Cradle
a frame placed over the body of a patient in bed for application of heat or cold or for protecting injured parts from coming into contact with the bedclothes
Bedpan
a receptacle used by a bedridden patient as a toilet
Bed Protector/Linen Protector
this is an item of removable bedding that sits on top of, or encases, a mattress to protect it
Belief
an acceptance that a statement is true of that something exists
Belonging
to be a member or part of (a particular group, organization, or class)
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
a common, noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland
Bedside Commode
a device used for elimination when a person is able to get out of bed but unable to walk to the bathroom; it consists of a chair-like Fram with a toilet seat and a removable collection bucket
Bias
prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair
Biohazard/Biohazardous
a risk to human health of the environment arising from biological work, especially with microorganisms
Bipolar Disorder
a type of depression that causes a person to swing from periods of deep depression to periods of extreme activity; also called manic-depressive illness
Bladder
a membranous sac in humans and other animals, in which urine is collected for excretion
Bladder Retraining
this is an important form of behavior therapy that can be effective in treating urinary incontinence
Bland
a diet that contains food that is easy to digest, soft, low-fiber, and gentle on the digestive tract
Blindness
the state or condition of being unable to see because of injury, disease, or a congenital condition
Bloodborne Pathogens (BBP)
pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans
Blood Clot
a semi-solid mass of coagulated red and white blood cells (thrombus)
Blood Pressure
the pressure of the blood in the circulatory system, often measured for diagnosis since it is closely related to the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and elasticity of the arterial walls
Blood Glucose
the concentration of glucose in the blood
Body Language
the process of communicating nonverbally through conscious or unconscious gestures and movements
Body Mechanics
the way the parts of the body work together when a person moves
Bone
a hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton composed of mostly calcium
Bony Prominences
areas of the body where the bone lies close to the skin
Bowel Movement (BM)
an act of defecation
Bowel Obstruction
also known as intestinal obstruction, is a mechanical or functional obstruction of the intestines that prevents the normal movement of the products of digestion
Bowel Retraining
this is a program that helps people who have chronic constipation or a frequent loss of bowel control
Brachial Artery
this is the major blood vessel of the upper arm
Brain
an organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates, functioning as the coordinating center of sensation and intellectual and nervous activity
Briefs
close-fitting legless underpants that are cut so as to cover the body to the waist, used for persons who are incontinent
Bronchi
the two main branches leading from the trachea to the lungs
Bronchitis
the inflammation of the mucous membrane in the bronchial tubes. it typically causes bronchospasm and coughing
Burns
an injury caused by exposure to heat or flame
Call Light
a bedside button tethered to the wall in a patient’s room, which directs signals to the nursing station
Cancer
a general term used to describe a disease in which abnormal cells grow in an uncontrolled way
Cane
a length of cane or a slender stick, especially one used as a support, or as a walking stick
Capillary
any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules
Carbohydrates
any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose
Cardiac
relating to the heart
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
medical procedure used when a person’s heart or lungs have stopped working
Care Plan
a plan developed for each resident to achieve certain goals; it outlines the steps and tasks that the care team must perform
Cataracts
a medical condition in which the lens of the eye becomes progressively opaque, resulting in blurred vision
Catastrophic Reaction
reacting to something in an unreasonable, exaggerated way
Center for Disease Control (CDC)
a government agency under the U.S Department of Health and Human Services that issues information to protect the health of individuals and communities
Centigrade
relating to, conforming to, or having a thermometric scale on which the interval between the freezing point of water and the boiling point of water is divided into 100 degrees
Central Nervous System (CNS)
the part of the nervous system which consists of the brain and spinal cord, to which sensory impulses are transmitted and from which motor impulses pass out, and which coordinates the activity of the entire nervous system
Cerebral Palsy
a condition marked by impaired muscle coordination (spastic paralysis) and/or other disabilities, typically caused by damage to the brain before or at birth
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA, Stroke)
a condition that occurs when blood supply to a part of the brain is blocked or a blood vessel leaks or ruptures within the brain
Certification
the action or process of providing someone or something with an official document attesting to a status or level of achievement
Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA)
this is a person who assists patients with healthcare needs and cares for a patient who is ill or recovering from a surgery or disease. These people have duties that are assigned by a nurse
Chain of Infection
a way of describing how disease is transmitted from one being to another
Cheyne-Stokes
alternating periods of slow, irregular breathing and rapid, shallow breathing
Choking
having severe difficulty in breathing because of a constricted or obstructed throat or a lack of air
Chronic
long-term or long-lasting; constant
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
a lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is not fully reversible
Circumcised
to cut off the foreskin of a male or the prepuce of a female
Clean
in health care, a condition in which objects are not contaminated with pathogens
Clean Catch/Midstream
a urine method used to prevent germs from the penis or vagina from getting into a urine sample
Clear Liquid (Cl Liq)
a diet that consists of clear juices, broth, gelatin, and popsicles
Clergy
the body of all people ordained for religious duties, especially in the Christian Church
Client
a person reciting home health care, as opposed to a patient in a hospital and resident in a long-term care facility
Closed Bed
a bed completely made with the bedspread and blankets in place
Clostridium Difficile (C-Diff)
a bacterial illness that can cause diarrhea and colitis
Cognition
the ability to think logically and clearly
Cold Pack
a bag or container, usually containing a substance that can be frozen or creates a cold feeling, put on a part of a person’s body to cool it or to reduce pain or swelling
Cognitive Impairment
the loss of ability to think logically; concentration and memory are affected
Collection Device (Hat)
in health care, a collection container that is sometimes inserted into a toiled to collect and measure urine or stool
Colostomy
a surgical operation in which a piece of the colon is diverted to an artificial opening in the abdominal wall so as to bypass a damaged part of the colon
Communicable (of a disease)
able to be transmitted from one sufferer to another; contagious or infectious
Concentrator
a device that draws room air in and concentrates with higher levels of oxygen
Condom Catheter
a catheter that has an attachment on the end that fits onto the penis; also called external or Texas catheter
Confidentiality
the legal and ethical principle of keeping information private
Confusion
the inability to think clearly
Conscious
the state of being mentally alert and having awareness of surroundings, sensations, and thoughts
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
heart failure in which the heart is unable to maintain adequate circulation of blood in the tissues of the body or to pump out the venous blood returned to it by the venous circulation
Constipation
the inability to eliminate stool, or the infrequent, difficult, and often painful elimination of hard, dry stool
Contract Precautions
precautions used when there is a risk of transmitting or contracting a microorganism from touching an infected object or person
Contamination
the action or state of making or being made impure by polluting or poisoning
Contracture
the permanent and often painful shortening of a muscle or tendon, usually due to lack of activity
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
impedance or blockage of one or more arteries that supply blood to the heart, usually due to atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)
COVID-19
a droplet and airborne disease transmitted through droplets and particles produced by an infected person; often characterized by respiratory symptoms and capable of progressing to severe symptoms, even death, especially in people who are older or have underlying health conditions
Cross Contamination
the process by which bacteria or other microorganisms are unintentionally transferred from one substance or object to another, with harmful effects
Cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood
Cyanotic
skin that is blue or gray
Dangle
the action of sitting up with the legs hanging over the side of the bed in order to regain balance and stabilize blood pressure
Decubitus
relating to an ulcer/sore; a difficult-to-heal (and possibly fatal) sore that forms when part of the body presses against a surface for a long period of time, cutting off the oxygen supply to the tissues
Defamtion
any communication, written or spoken, that is untrue and that injures the good name or reputation of another or that in any way brings that person into disrepute
Delirium
a state of severe confusion that occurs suddenly and is usually temporary
Denture
a removable plate or frame holding one or more artificial teeth
Dermis
the middle layer of the skin which consists of connective tissue, blood vessels, oil and sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles, and other structures
Diabetes Type 1 (T1DM)
usually diagnosed in children or young adults, a chronic and lifelong disease where the pancreas either produces no insulin or too little insulin and is usually managed through daily insulin injections
Diabetes Type 2 (T2DM)
a disease process where the body does not produce enough insulin, or the body fails to properly use insulin. Usually occurs in people who are obese or have a family history of diabetes and can usually be controlled with diet and/or oral medications
Diabetic Diet
a diet where calories and carbohydrates are carefully controlled usually from residents who have diabetes. Proteins and fats are also regulates
Dialysis
a procedure that is done to remove waste products and fluids from the body when a person’s kidneys fail and can no longer perform this task
Diastolic
the second measurement of blood pressure; phase where the heart relaxes or rests
Doff
to remove
Don
to put on
Down Syndrome
a congenital disorder arising from a chromosome defect, causing intellectual impairment and physical abnormalities including short stature and a broad facial profile
Draw/Lift/Transfer Sheet
an extra sheet placed on top of the bottom sheet; used for moving residents in bed
Droplet Precautions
infection control measures taken to prevent the spread of pathogens that are spread through droplets in the air that don’t normally travel more than 6 feet. these measures include wearing a face mask during acre
Dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
Dysphasia
impairment of speech that is less marked that in aphasia
Dyspnea
difficulty breathing
Dysuria
painful or difficult urination
Edema
swelling caused by excess fluid in body tissues
Embolism
obstruction of a blood vessel, usually by a blood clot
Emesis Basin
a shallow basin of curved, kidney-shaped design, used to collect body fluids or as a container for various other liquids
Emphysema
a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness
Enema
a specific amount of water, with or without and additive, which is introduced into the colon to stimulate the elimination of stool
Epidermis
the outer layer of cells covering an organism, in particular
Epiglottis
a flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe
Epilepsy
a neurological disorder marked by sudden recurrent episodes of sensory disturance, loss of consciousness, or convulsions, associated with abnormal electrical activity in the brain
Epistaxis
a nosebleed
Expectorate
cough or spit out phlegm from the throat or lungs
Fan Fold
the process of folding linen like a fan to the side or bottom of the bed
F.A.S.T
the acronym used as a way to remember the sudden signs that a stroke is occurring; Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, and Time
Female External Catheter
an external urine collection device that attaches to the perineum and drains urine by a tube attached to a bag or suction container
Flatus
gas in or from the stomach or intestines, produced by swallowing air or by bacterial fermentation
Flow Meter
a device used to measure the rate at which oxygen flows from a tank or concentrator to the resident
Fluid Balance
taking in and eliminating equal amounts of fluid
Foot drop
a weakness of muscles in the feet and ankles that causes problems with the ability to flex the ankles and walk normally
Fowler’s
a semi-sitting body position in which a person’s head and shoulders are elevated 45 to 60 degrees
Fracture Pan
a bedpan that is flatter than a regular bedpan
Full Liquid
a diet that consists of all liquids on a clear liquid diet with the addition of cream soups, milk, and ice cream; foods that are liquid at room temperature
Gait/Transfer Belt
a belt made of canvas or other heavy material used to help people who are weak, unsteady, or uncoordinated to stand, sit, or walk
Gastroesophageal Reflux (GERD)
a chronic condition in which the liquid contents of the stomach back up into the esophagus. This can relate in inflammation and damage to the lining of the esophagus
Gastrostomy tube
a tube surgically placed into the stomach through an incision in the abdomen. Used for long-term enteral feedings. Also Calle da percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube (PEG)
Geriatrics
the branch or medicine or social science dealing with the health and care of old perople
Glaucoma
a condition of increased pressure within the eyeball, causing gradual loss of sight
Glucometer
a medical device for determining the approximate concentration of glucose in the blood
Graduate
a measuring device used to measure fluids
Hemiplegia
paralysis on one side of the body
Hemorrhoids
a swollen vein or group of veins in the region of the anus
Hepatitis
inflammation of the liver caused by certain viruses and other factors, such as alcohol abuse, some medications, and trauma
High-Fowler’s
a sitting body position in which a person’s head is elevated 60 to 90 degrees
Holistic Care
a type of care that involves caring for the whole person (the mind as well as the body)
Hospice
holistic, compassionate care given to dying people and their families
HS/PM
PM care also known as HS care is the care provided at nighttime/before bed time
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
this is a virus that attacks the immune system, the body’s natural defense system
Hyperglycemia
an instance where a person’s blood glucose levels are above normal and can result from having too little insulin in the body
Hypertension
high blood pressure, measuring 130/80 or higher
Hypoglycemia
an instance where a person’s blood glucose levels are below normal and can result from either too much insulin or too little food
Hypotension
abnormally low blood pressure, measuring 100/60 or lower
Ileostomy
a surgical operation in which a pie e of the ileum is diverted into an articial opening in the abdominal wall
Indwelling Catheter
a type of catheter that remains inside the ladder for a period of time; urine drains into a bag
Influenza
a highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory passages causing fever, severe aching
Insulin
a hormone produced in the pancreas by the islets of Langerhans that regulates the amount of glucose in the blood. The lack of insulin causes a form of diabetes
Integumentary
the body system that includes the skin and its glands, the hair, and the nails and acts to protect the body from vainer kids of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside
Kidney Stone
clumps of minerals that form in the kidneys and bladder. Symptoms include severe flank pain and blood in the urine
Larynx
the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box
Lateral
the body position in which a person in lying on either side
Leg Bag
a small bag that connects to an indwelling catheter to collect urine. It’s strapped to the leg and can be hidden under clothing
Logrolling
moving a person as a unit, without disturbing the alignment of the body
Long Term Care (LTC)
care given in these facilities for people who need 24-hour, skilled care
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
this is a pyramid the reflects the belief that the more basic, lower-level needs must be met before the higher-level needs can be met. Needs in order of importance: Physiological, Safety and security, Love and belonging, self-esteem, self-actualization
Mechanical Soft
a diet that consists of chopped or lended foods that are easier to chew and swallow by using a blender or food processor. This diet doesn’t limit spices, fat, and fiber, only the texture of the food changes
Mottling
an irregular arrangement of spots or patches of color
Mucous Membrane
the membranes that line body cavities that open to the outside pf the body, such as the linings of the mouth, nose, eyes, rectum, or genitals
Multidrug-resistant Organisms (MDROs)
this is defined as bacteria that have become resistant to more than one class of antimicrobial agents and are usually resistant to all but one or two commercially available antimicrobial agents, complicating treatment of illnesses they cause
Multiple Sclerosis
a chronic, typically progressive disease involving damage to the sheaths of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord; symptoms include numbness, impairment of speech and of muscular coordination, blurred vision, and severe fatigue
Myocardial Infarction (MI, Heart Attack)
this occurs when one or more of the coronary arteries become completely blocked, preventing blood from reaching parts of the heart causing the muscle cells to die
Nares
the nostrils
Nasogastric Tube
a feeding tube that is inserted into the nose and goes into the stomach
Nocturia
a condition where the individual has to wake at night one or more times for voiding
Non-Rebreather Mask
a plastic device worn over the nose and mouth, connected to a plastic reservoir bag filled with a high concentration of oxygen, used in emergency situations to deliver higher concentrations of oxygen than a standard mask
NPO
a medical order to withhold all food and fluids taken orally
Occult Blood
small traces of blood that a person cannot see in their stool
Ombudsman/Ombuds
a legal advocate for residents in long-term care facilities; helps resolve disputes and settle conflicts
Orthostatic
relating to or caused by an upright posture
Orthotic
a device that helps support and align a limb and improve its functioning; also called an orthosis
Osteoarthritis
a common type of arthritis that usually affects the hips, knees, fingers, thumbs, and spine; also called degenerative joint disease (DJD) or degenerative arthritis
Osteoporosis
a disease that causes bonds to become porous and brittle, causing them to break easily
Ostomy
a surgically created opening from an area inside the body to the outside
Palliative Care
care that c=focuses on the comfort and dignity of the person, rather than on curing them
Pancrease
a large gland behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Embedded in this organ are the islets of Langerhans, which secrete into the blood of the hormones insulin and glucagon
Parkinson’s Disease
a progressive disease of the nervous system marked by tremors, muscular rigidity, and slow, imprecise movement, chiefly affecting middle-aged and elderly people
Passive Range of Motion (PROM)
the moving of a joint through its range of motion without exertion by the subject, usually done by an examiner who moves the person’s body part manually.
Ulcer
a lesion in the lining (mucosa) of the digestive tract, typically in the stomach or duodenum, caused by the digestive action of pepsin and stomach acid
Perineal Care
care of the genitals and anal care
Perineum
the genital and anal area
Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
poor blood circulation in the legs, feet, arms, or hands caused by atherosclerosis
Pertussis
also known as “whooping cough”, it is a highly contagious, acute respiratory illness characterized by fits of coughing and caused by the bacteria Bordetella pettussis
Pneumonia
lung inflammation caused by bacterial or viral infection, in which the air sacs fill with pus and may become solid
Polyuria
production of abnormally large volumes or diluted urine
Pulse Oximeter
a device that uses a light to determine the amount of oxygen in the blood and can also measure a person’s pulse rate
Radial Artery
the artery that runs just beneath the skin at the wrist where the pulse can be felt
Rheumatoid Arthritis
a chronic progressive auto-immune disease-causing inflammation in the joins and resulting in painful deformity and immobility, especially in the fingers, wrists, feet, and ankles
Scabies
a contagious skin disease marked by itching and small raised red spots, caused by the itch mite
Semi-Fowler’s
the position with the person lying on their back. The head of the bed is raised 30-45 degrees and the knees/feet are raised 10-15 degrees
Shearing
rubbing or friction that results from the skin moving one way and the bone underneath it remaining fixed or moving in the opposite direction
Shingles
an acute, painful inflammation of the nerve ganglia, with a skin eruption, often forming a girlde around the middle of the body. It is caused by the same virus as chickenpox
Sim’s
body position in which a person is lying on his left side with the upper knee flexed and raised toward the chest
Sphygmomanometer
an inflatable rubber cuff that is applied to the arm enabling the determination of systolic and diastolic blood pressure; blood pressure cuff
Stoma
an artificial opening in the body from which waste can be eliminated
Straight Catheter
a catheter that does not remain inside the person; it is removed immediately after urine is drained or collected
Subcutaneous Tissue
the bottom layer of skin made of connective tissue and fat
Supine
the position where the person is lying flat on his back with a pillow under the head (dorsal, recumbent)
Suprapubic Catheter
a surgically created connection between the urinary bladder and the skin used to drain urine from the bladder in individuals with obstruction of normal urinary flow.
Systolic
first measurement of blood pressure; phase when the heart is at work, contracting and pushing the blood from the left ventricle of the heart.
Thyroid
a large ductless gland in the neck that secretes hormones regulating growth and development through the rate of metabolism.
Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)
the intravenous infusion of nutrients administered directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive system.
Trachea
a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.
Tympanic
the temperature obtained by placing an electronic probe in the ear canal
Ureterostomy
the creation of a stoma (a new artificial outlet) for a ureter or kidney to permit urine to pass
