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theories and approaches to counselling > CN100 Study > Flashcards

CN100 Study Flashcards

1
Q

Why must counsellor have high levels of unconditional positive regard?

A

So the client sees that they are open, nonjudgmental and have high levels of acceptance

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2
Q

What are some of the professional attributes of a counsellor

A

Culturally sensitive, knowledgeable and informed on the subject matter , have the correct level of awareness. They must be patient and a good listener , can maintain confidentiality. Must be able to actively listen

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3
Q

What does it mean for someone to actively listen?

A

Maintain eye contact, nodding, listening to the full story without interruptions, not coming up with responses in your head of what you can do before listening fully, paraphrasing the information that was heard

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4
Q

What are some ineffective counselling skills

A

Poor listening habits, assuming that the subject matter is unimportant; having preconceived ideas of the clients issues, mentally criticising, pretending to be attentive, hearing what is expected, being defensive, listening for a point of disagreement, rehearsing what you will say

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5
Q

Why is it important for counsellors to reflect on their feelings

A

Recognising the clients feelings and letting them know you have understood what they are feeling- DONT have to had experience of the feeling, asking open ended questions allows for more depth, paraphrasing- repeating in your words heat client has said to give clarity, interpretation- giving back to the client the core idea that they are struggling with

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6
Q

What are the three core values

A
  • Respect for the human rights and human differences of individuals
  • second core value( attitude): respect, integrity, authority, responsibility,autonomy, confidentiality, competence
  • third practice( delivery skills): contracted, boundaries, explicit, open, monitored, privacy
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7
Q

What is the therapeutic relationship

A

The relationship between therapist & client is at the core. Personhood of the therapist is a key factor: gives a successful outcome, allows for more quality within the relationship

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8
Q

What are the elements of a therapeutic relationship

A

Goal of a healthy relationship is rapport which leads to desired change; effectiveness of the relationship is related to mutual respect and trust; caring, respect & trust create environment for clients to share deepest concerns. Clients will act if the environment and relationship is safe. Counsellors need to be empathic rather than sympathetic

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9
Q

What is empathy and the difference between the two types of empathy

A

Empathy: understanding the clients experience as if it were your own through emotional reasoning
Empathic report: accurately sensing and being able to see the clients world the way that they do
Communicative attunement: verbally sharing understandings with the client

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10
Q

What does empathy achieve?

A

Allows therapist to accurately sense and communicate feelings back to client. These feelings may involve: personal meanings of the client, the narrative and it’s meanings, significance of the story and it’s meaning in the life of the client. Comes in two stages primary and advanced empathy

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11
Q

What is primary empathy

A

Accurately articulating back to the client their experiences & feelings from a client that is seen as overt based on their statements and behaviour

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12
Q

What is advanced empathy

A

Accurately articulating back implied feelings and behaviour from incomplete client statements

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13
Q

What is cultural and rational empathy

A

Considers the impacts of gender and client cultural heritage

  • cultural empathy includes context in which counsellor and client live.
  • working with clients from ethnic minorities- important counsellors can look at life in different ways
  • relational empathy: empathy for oneself, other people and the counselling relationship
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14
Q

What makes an effective counsellor?

A

Personally integrated and self aware, hold value for clients as unique people, understand how and what the client is experiencing

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15
Q

What role does the emotion of shame play in the counselling relationship

A

Shame is a component of the counsellor/client relationship; important to be alert for any signs of shame; important to help client work through shame as issue; avoid overlooking shame as an issue- by passing opportunities to look for shame; inadvertently adding judgments to clients shame

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16
Q

Describe the counselling relationship

A
  • counsellors must have positive regard in all sessions with clients
  • positive regard: therapist expresses client as unique & worthwhile person
  • therapist embraces clients ethnic self & other experiences that have helped to shape clients world view
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17
Q

Describe the counselling relationship

A
  • therapist must provide acceptance,support and overall sense of protection
  • respect means: do not harm, become competent and committed; be for the client; don’t rush judgment;don’t assume good will; keep clients agenda in focus
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18
Q

What does it mean when a counsellor is genuine

A
  • refers to the counsellors state of mind and their ability to baseless analytical; distinguish between cultural assumptions and those held by client; overcome prejudice, stereotypes and biases; become culturally self aware, therapists are real with their clients; they don’t have a false front; openly express feelings and attitudes; inner & outer experiences match;
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19
Q

What are the importance of balance shared feelings

A

Be honest and helpful- not in destructive ways; must not impulsively share every thought and feeling;counsellor feelings cannot take precedence over the feelings of the client; the less self threatening the counsellor is- the more likely the client will open up; counsellor is who they are without pretences, fictions, roles

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20
Q

What is self disclosure

A

Important way to let the client know you as a person; done at a moderate level it is regarded more highly be client; moderation can be helpful to disclose facts if it’s necessary for the client/ session.
- self disclosure comes in four levels: counsellors personal problems,facts about counsellors role, counsellors reactions to the client( feedback), counsellors reactions to the counsellor/client relationship- 3&4 are most helpful

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21
Q

How do you know when to use self disclosure and how to use it?

A
  • primary focus is client not counsellor
  • avoid non selective & indiscriminate forms of self disclosure
  • avoid role reversal by sharing problems with client
  • ## think about whose needs are being met by you sharing the information
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22
Q

What is a safe client

A

Feels free to be open, disclose, wants to work for positive outcomes and has the desire to change

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23
Q

What is an unsafe client

A

Feels and acts self protective, guarded, subdued, may simultaneously want and resist help. Important for counsellors to be persistent and ongoing in their treatment- providing safe therapeutic environment
- safety is critical for: high stress families, abuse or incest, history of broken trust, lack of privileges and power, history of oppression and discrimination

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24
Q

What is the importance of ethical issues in the counselling practice

A
  • Trend is on stressing values and behaviour of counsellor
  • crucial that counsellor reflects on themselves and has awareness of themselves as person
  • quality of client/counsellor relationship is the most important factor of fostering growth
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25
Q

What are the important qualities that a counsellor must have

A
  • Transparency: being real,authentic
  • congruence:genuine and integrated as a whole person
  • empathy: feeling with the client or feeling of togetherness
  • Unconditional positive regard: non judgemental regardless of strength or otherwise
  • respecting the clients ability to set the agenda
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26
Q

What are the responsibilities of the counsellor

A

Responsibility to the client, responsibility to the counselling profession, to the clients family and to society

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27
Q

How can the counsellor make the clients experience more comfortable

A
  • counselling profession can be very challenging when trying to be therapeutic
  • help the client if the counsellor is: honest about personal limitations, dealing with uncommitted clients, developing ones own style, completing self care and supervision, using humour, being real: being alive, being a worthy role model
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28
Q

What are the issues that are often faced by beginning therapists

A
  • achieving a sense of well being;questioning competency askew techniques are learnt or starting to practice without supervision; accepting limitations and acknowledging strengths;managing difficult and unsatisfactory relationships with clients; struggling to commit and personal growth;developing healthy helping relationships with clients; developing healthy personal boundaries in professional life
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29
Q

What are professional ethics

A
  • systematised body of moral principles that guide or determine the counsellors behaviour in his relationship to the counselee, to the counselee’s relatives and to the general society
  • professional ethics are values that determine counsellors behaviour
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30
Q

What are values and the difference between the types of values

A

Values: certain standards or general principles on which we determine our behaviour and judge it’s approval or disapproval
Social values: standards of behaviour that are determined by society
Moral values: based on dictates of right reason, ones conscience, innate knowledge of what is right and wrong
Religious values:based on the particular faith and vary according to the tenets of that faith

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31
Q

Why are ethical codes important

A
  • fundamental component of effective counselling, guidelines that outline the professional standards of behaviour and practice,codes do not make decisions for counsellors; counsellor must interpret the codes;
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32
Q

What are the types of ethics to consider

A

Mandatory ethics, aspirational ethics,positive ethics
- principles that underlie professional codes; benefit others, teach them not to harm, respect each other’s autonomy, be just, fair and faithful

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33
Q

What are the role of the ethical codes

A

Educate about responsibilities, provide basis for accountability,protect clients,basis for improving professional practice.
Making ethical decisions: identify problem, review relevant codes, seek consultation, brainstorm, list consequences, decide and document
- client can be involved in ethical process to a degree

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34
Q

What is informed consent

A

Giving clients enough information about the counselling practice to make informed choices, educate clients about rights and responsibilities
Informed consent on areas such as: therapy procedures, risks/benefits and alternative, right to withdraw from treatment,costs of treatment,supervision, privileged communication and confidentiality limits

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35
Q

What are the limits of confidentiality

A

Confidentiality is seen as essential but not absolute
- exceptions of breaking confidentiality: duty to warn: client is danger to themselves or others; client is under 16 is victims of abuse;dependent adult or older adult is victim of abuse, client needs hospital care; information is made a court issue,clients request a release of record

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36
Q

What are the multicultural issues in counselling

A

Biases that are reflected when we: neglect social and community factors to focus unduly on individualism, assess clients with certain instruments that have been normed on populations they represent, judge as psychopathological- behaviours, beliefs or experiences normal for clients culture. Adheres to western counselling theories

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37
Q

What is assessment

A

Ongoing process that helps the counsellor evaluate key elements of clients psychological functioning.Practices are influenced by therapists theoretical orientation, requires cultural sensitivity, can be helpful in treatment planning

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38
Q

What is diagnosis

A

Process of identifying patterns of symptoms which fit in the criteria for a specific mental disorder as defined in the DSM IV TR, requires cultural sensitivity, counsellors can debate the utility’s understanding clients subjective world, helpful in treatment planning

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39
Q

What are the strengths of evidence based practices

A

Validated by empirical research,treatments are brief and standardised,preferred by insurance companies

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40
Q

What are the criticisms of evidence based practices

A

Approach is mechanistic, doesn’t allow for individual differences in clients, not suited for helping clients with existential concerns, difficult to measure both relational and technical aspects of psychological treatment, potential for misuse

41
Q

What are dual relationships

A

Not seen as inherently unethical in the codes of ACA or APA; multiple relationships managed in ethical ways to eliminate non professional interactions and protect client well being

42
Q

What is the importance of the counsellors relationship to counselee

A
  • counsellor respects values of counselee; can only suggest change in social values( not religious or moral values);confidential material must be kept secret;may not reveal that info without permission; exceptions: suicide or crime, unsound mind, welfare of others; test result interpreted to counselee in a manner that is constructive
43
Q

What is the importance of the counsellors relationship to the profession

A
  • counsellor must aim for high standards of work, it is unethical to offer services outside counsellors field of work- must be referred to someone else, shouldn’t work only for money, shouldn’t criticise counsellors who use different methods,counsellor shouldn’t accept counselling a person who is receiving it from someone else
44
Q

What is the importance of the counselling relationship

to the refereeing bodies?

A

Courteous to inform the referring person or agency that the client kept appointment & is continuing or they have been referred somewhere else;no confidential info to be given to new agency.

45
Q

What is the importance of the counsellors relationship to themselves?

A

They have a right to a private life and relaxation,may not accept phone calls after a certain time, must leave clients problems at the office,shouldn’t encourage dependency, not expected to help each and every client

46
Q

Why is it a prerequisite to stay alive?

A
  • take care of yourself;develop self care strategies and plan for the renewal,know what causes burnout- know how to recognise and remedy burnout, know how to prevent burnout through self care
47
Q

What is psychoanalytic theory?

A

Human behaviour is primarily the function of reactions to internal( thus mostly unconscious) stimuli, instincts,urges and thoughts.
- behavioural theories suggest behaviour is response to external stimuli, responses learnt over time appear as automatic
Attempt to surface and interpret all material located in unconscious
Deemed as curative for patient; prevent interference from ones biases with the analysis of another- known as counter transference

48
Q

What are the levels of consciousness and his topography of self?

A

Unconscious, conscious and preconscious
Topography of self: Id, ego and superego

Human behaviour was something built up over stages

49
Q

What are the psychosexual stages? What happens in the genital stage in childhood and adolescence

A

Oral,anal, Oedipal, latency,genital
Gential: preoccupation of feeding, nuturing, excretion and toilet training,discovery of genitals, after this period become less concerned about bodily functions- focus on social interactions
adolescence: psychological change, person is preoccupied with body and sexual feelings- learning them in adult body rather than child

50
Q

Define the three levels of awareness

A

Conscious: current contents of the mind, actively being thought of,easily assessed at all times, working memory
Preconscious: contents of the mind that you aren’t consciously aware of, thoughts, memories,knowledge,wishes, feelings- available for easy access when required
Unconscious: contents is kept out of conscious awareness, not accessible at all,processes that keep these thoughts away from awareness

51
Q

What are the components of personality?

A

ID, ego and superego
I’d: resides at the unconscious level,acts under the pleasure principle, immediate gratification, source of drive energy, life and death coexist.
Ego: operates under reality principle, resides in all levels of awareness,mediates demands of the ID, the superego and reality, no concept of wrong or right.
Superego: part of the mind that houses morals/values
Conscience punishes ego through causing feelings of guilt or shame,
Ego ideal: ultimate standard of behaviour as a good member of society; interaction of all three parts is characterised by conflict.

52
Q

Describe the conflicts of the personality components

A

Conflicts between ID,ego and superego arise on conscious mind,can’t be reached in the unconscious mind, come out in various ways: Freudian slips,dreams,jokes,anxiety ,defence mechanisms

53
Q

What is the theory of psychological development

A

Focus on the development of instincts rooted in biology, genetic approach: earlier stages determines what happens in later stages, abstract aspect of theory

54
Q

What is the development of personality?

A

Oral stage: first year- related to issues that may cause mistrust and rejection
Anal stage: ages 1-3: may cause power issues later in life
Phallic stage: ages 3-6: causes sexual attitudes later in life.
Latency stage: 6-12: time of socialisation
Genital stage: 12-60: energies invested in life

55
Q

What are the therapeutic objectives and psychoanalytic techniques used in this therapy?

A

Therapeutic objectives: unconscious conflict to awareness- resistance;corrective emotional experience: reliving of past/painful experiences under more favourable conditions( better solution to conflict);process involves: releasing of the blocked emotions, insight: awareness and understanding of emotional reactions and use of defences
Psychoanalytic techniques: association: client reports immediately without censoring any thoughts or feelings; interpretation: therapist points out/explains and teaches meanings of whatever is revealed by client; dream analysis: therapist uses royal road to the unconscious to bring that material to the surface; transference: allows client to experience feelings that would otherwise be inaccessible - allows client to achieve insight into the influence of the past

56
Q

What is countertransference, resistance and defence mechanisms

A

Countertransference: reaction to the therapist towards client that may interfere with achieving objectives, can provide means of understanding clients world; resistance: anything that works against progress of the therapy, prevents production of unconscious material, avoiding dealing with painful emotions; defence mechanisms: denial, intellectualisation, terminating therapy, having nothing to say
Confrontation and analysis of resistance: helps client see the secondary gain of the behaviour

57
Q

What are the limitations of Freud’s theory

A

Reductionism and theory of instincts, concepts are difficult to observe and can’t be empirically measured, limited use in predicting behaviour- goes from adulthood to childhood, sociocultural limits: based on women from a higher SES
Contributions: comprehensive complex theory, generated study, continues to evolve, basis has been put in modern theories

58
Q

What is existential therapy

A

Places condition on human condition as a whole, uses a positive approach,applauds human capacities and aspirations while acknowledging limitations; seen as an attitude toward human suffering without a manual, deals with questions of meaning, creativity and love.

59
Q

What is human nature?

A

Stands for the respect for the person,exploring new behaviour, divergent methods of understanding people,significant of our existence: never fixed once and for all, recreate ourselves through our projects.

60
Q

Who are the key theorists?

A

Kierkegaard: truth could ultimately be discovered subjectively by the individual in action
Nietzsche: encouraged people to choose their own standards, live by their own free will
Heidegger: interpretation seeks to understand how the person subjectively experiences something
Victor Frankl: therapy through meaning
Rollo May: struggle between security of dependence and the delights and pains of growth
James Bugental: therapy as a journey into the clients subjective world- demanding of the therapist
Irwin Yalom: death,freedom, isolation and meaningless; most comprehensive form of therapy

61
Q

What are the goals of the therapy

A
  1. Enable people to become truthful with themselves
  2. Widen peoples perspectives on themselves and the world around them
  3. Clarify how to proceed into the future
    4.learn from the past
  4. Create something valuable from living in the present;
    More of a philosophy than a therapy
62
Q

What are the three phases of existentialist therapy?

A
  1. Identify and clarifying perceptions of the world; clients encouraged to reflect on their own experiences & examine role in creating difficulties( responsibility)
  2. clients encouraged to examine value system & particular view of the world; self exploration will lead to new insights & some re structuring of values
  3. Helps clients to apply their learning in therapy to the real world; typically discover strengths and find ways of using them to live a purposeful existence
63
Q

What are the basic dimensions of the human condition

A

Capacity for self awareness, tension between freedom and responsibility, creation of identity and establishing meaningful relationships, search for meaning, accepting anxiety as a condition for living, awareness of death and nonbeing

64
Q

What is the capacity for self awareness

A

Have the ability to make choices, we are essentially alone but with the ability to relate to others, meaning comes from searching and discovering

65
Q

What is freedom and responsibility

A

People are free to make choices, assuming responsibility is a condition for change, existential therapy doesn’t allow clients to blame others, clients avoid freedom by avoiding change, therapist helps to bring about that change

66
Q

What is striving for identity and relationships

A

Trust ourselves by finding answers from within, avoid becoming hooked by others expectation, clients are challenged with the idea they will find new solutions to their problems

67
Q

What is the search for meaning?

A

Logo therapy can help create new meaning, transcending suffering through meaning, failure to self actualise

68
Q

What is anxiety as a condition for living?

A

Appropriate responses to facing an event that challenges us, become aware of the anxiety, take steps to change our own lives, avoid anxiety by surrendering our freedom

69
Q

What is awareness of death and nonbeing

A

Awareness of death, source of life and creativity, helps to evaluate how well we are living, quality of therapist/client relationship brings about the change.
- nothing is fixed, all is moving, constantly discovering and making sense of our lives
Become self aware, strive to define ourselves as individuals and in relations to others, relationship needs to support each individual

70
Q

What are the benefits of the therapeutic relationship

A

Fosters the movement towards authenticity, can’t point blame anywhere else, challenges narrowness that blocks freedom, increases awareness of what the client is doing and how they can get out of the victim role, here and now focus, no prescribed techniques, techniques must be responsive and unique to client

71
Q

What are the strengths of this therapy

A
  • All faced with the same dilemma, confronting aloneness, dealing with existential anxiety and creating meaning, clients encouraged to take responsibility for choices, therapist must be fully alive, open and creative human , therapist model authentic behaviour,
  • can shift emphasis away from the limitations- create change and meaning
72
Q

What are the weaknesses of this therapy

A

Placing emphasis on individuality, can overlook importance of family and culture
Fail to appreciate the lack of freedom some people have in making choices that they have, true victims of the world, not just those who perceive themselves as victims

73
Q

Where is this type of therapy useful or for what clients

A

Death and dying, developmental crisis, bereavement and loss, letting go, coping with failure or disappointment, adolescent identity, adjusting to middle age, chronic illness

74
Q

What is person centred therapy

A

Persons ability to actualise self, resulting in solving his/her own problems, Maslows hierarchy of needs, motive to self actualise

75
Q

What is Maslows hierarchy of needs

A

Needs are organised in a hierarchy, lower needs must be met before higher ones can be satisfied, lower needs are more powerful and pressing

76
Q

What are the basic human needs, what are the other needs that satisfy humans

A

Food, air, water, clothing and sex ( basic)
Protection, stability, pain avoidance, routine/order( safety and security)
Affection, acceptance, inclusion( love and belonging)
Self respect, self esteem, respected by others( esteem)
Achieve full potential, fulfilment( self actualisation)

77
Q

What is the view on human nature

A
  • Human being when functioning freely is constructive and trustworthy
  • belief in the truth worthiness, inherent good and wisdom of the client is considered as fundamental to the therapeutic relationship
78
Q

What is the theory of the person

A

Person is an active process, each of us has a natural potential to self actualise and through which we can find meaning

79
Q

What are the goals of person centred therapy

A

Increase the independence & integration of the client, focus on the person not problem , create conditions necessary for positive growth, develop openness to new experience,trust in themselves, internal sources of evaluation & willingness to continue growing

80
Q

What is the emphasis of person centred therapy

A

Journey to be shared by two fallible people, persons innate striving for self actualisation, personal characteristics & quality of the therapeutic relationship, people are capable of self directed growth if involved in a therapeutic relationship

81
Q

What are the six conditions necessary for personal change to occur

A
  1. Two persons are in psychological contact
  2. the first, the client is experiencing incongruence
  3. second person, the therapist is congruent or integrated in the relationship
  4. Therapist experiences UPR or real caring for client
  5. Therapist experiences empathy for the clients internal frame of reference and endeavours to communicate this to the client
  6. Communication to the client is to a minimal degree achieved
82
Q

What is a therapist

A

Focus on quality of the therapeutic relationship, provides a supportive therapeutic environment in which client is the agent of change and healing, serves as a model of a human being struggling towards greater real ness

  • is genuine, integrated and authentic, without a false front
  • can openly express feelings and attitudes that are present in the relationship with the client
  • is invested in developing his/her own life experiences to deepen self knowledge and move toward self actualisation
83
Q

What are the conditions of person centred therapy

A

Direction comes from the client, rather than therapist insights, non directive therapy= client centred- they choose direction, empathy, congruence, unconditional positive regard

84
Q

What is empathy

A

Therapist needs to be reflective, acting as a mirror of the clients thoughts and feelings
Goal: allow client to gain clearer understanding of inner thought patterns,perceptions and emotions
Therapists help client to become self aware, grow psychologically, & change behaviour via self direction, client feels safe and away from judgement

85
Q

What is genuineness

A

Therapist shows his/her feelings honestly, modelling of this behaviour teaches the client the skill

86
Q

What is unconditional positive regard

A

Therapist must accept client for who they are and display support and care no matter what the client may be facing or experiencing .
People are only used to receiving conditional support ; acceptance was only offered if certain expectations were met, creating climate to unconditionally positive regard; client expresses emotions without fear or rejection

87
Q

What type of clients can this therapy be used on

A

Individual and group counselling, student centred teaching and learning, parent child relations, anxiety disorders, depression, cancer, personality disorders

88
Q

How does this therapy work?

A

It is a non directive form of therapy- therapist allows client to lead therapy & don’t try to steer client in a particular direction
- emphasis on UPR: therapist shows complete acceptance and support for client

89
Q

What is Gestalt therapy

A

Focus is to increase the awareness, heightened understanding of ourselves and how we function

90
Q

What are the three fundamental principles of Gestalt therapy

A

Field theory: background awareness & recognition, interrelatedness and effects
Phenonomology: how each of us sees the world, create own meaning and experiences, meaning is the relationship between figure and ground, therapist own phenomenology is as important as client
Dialogue: open engagement of two phenomenologies( therapist and client)
Presence: when therapists own experiences an phenomenology are available
Inclusion: therapist is included in the experiences
Commitment to the dialogue: therapist give the client possibly to see/hear others, modelling by therapist- demonstrating the way to share his/her own experiences

91
Q

What is the paradoxical theory of change

A

More one tries to become what they are not, the more they same the same
Client can often be in conflict with themselves, role of the therapist is not to change the client

92
Q

Why is the therapeutic relationship so important?

A
  • It is seen as paramount, non judgemental dialogue, therapist shares experiences, therapist is equally as important as client.
  • therapist doesn’t know what’s best for the client
  • assist client to discover it for themselves
  • bring into awareness what the client doesn’t know
93
Q

What is the role of the therapeutic relationship

A

No generic goal or agenda for this type of therapy, develop believes on oneself and the world , old ways of doing things not working, active therapy, people react and respond to feelings- doesn’t dwell in past, models assertive communication

94
Q

What is choice therapy/reality therapy

A

People have the true freedom to make choices, people take responsibility for those choices, behaviour is considered in its totality

  • capacity to change is within ourselves; therapy is about setting boundaries
  • behaviour in the therapy should be consistent, every action has either a negative or positive reaction; actions that we complete are all a choice- related to CBT as they are related to choice
95
Q

What are William Glasser’s basic needs

A

Love and belonging: belonging, being loved, respected, friendship, sharing, co operation
Power: recognition, success, importance, achievement and skills
Fun: enjoyment, laughter, learning, change
Survival: health, relaxation, sexual activity, food, warmth
freedom: choices, independence, freedom from, freedom to

96
Q

What is a quality world

A

Personal picture album of people, things, ideas and ideals we have discovered that increase the quality of life

97
Q

What is a perceived world

A

The way that we experience the works is through the perceptual system, information about the real world comes to us through the sensory system; sensations pass through the perceptual system begin with total knowledge that we have or that we are yet to experience

98
Q

What is total behaviour

A

All behaviour is purposeful and made up of four components p: acting, feeling, thinking and physiology

theories and approaches to counselling (1 decks)

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