CMT Module 1 Flashcards
commercial testing
materials are already existing. The type of test has already been specified. The objective of this is to determine if these materials comply with the given technical specifications and will fall within the required parameters.
scientific testing
materials are tested to obtain their vital and beneficial properties and determine how it can be advantageous in building a certain structure.
materials research
from the word itself, researches are being conducted for existing equipment to have better understanding of its usage. For new materials, properties are being analyzed. Also, quality standards and procedures are being developed.
Experimental/Experimentation
this is when the result is uncertain that new insight are to be gained
Testing
this is more defined procedure which are the limits and results are clear
Destructive Testing
materials are being tested up to its breaking point or until the material fails. It is said that this testing procedure is much easier to conduct because it results to more information regarding the material properties.
Non-Destructive Testing
this is the exact opposite of destructive testing. It is commonly used when the materials to be tested are still in service.
Precision
tells how close the measurements are to each other. For example, if you measure a certain object repeatedly and the numbers you have obtained are very close or almost the same to each other, then it can be considered as precise.
Accuracy
tells how close the measurement is to its true value. For example, your actual height is 5’0”. When you used a tape measure to know your height and the value you get is also 5’0”, then you can consider this as accurate.
Specification
a precise statement of a set of requirements, to be satisfied by a material, product, system or service. It is desirable that the requirements, together with their limits, should be expressed numerically in appropriate units.
standard specification
for a material is the result of agreement between those concerned in a particular field and involves acceptance for use by participating agencies.
Standardizing Agencies and Relevant Standards
Turkish Standards Institute (TSE)
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
International Standards Organization (ISO)
European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
Linear Traverse Machine
When mixing concrete, air voids commonly occur. This equipment facilitates the counting of voids in concrete.
Compression Machines
This equipment is used to test the behavior of a concrete sample while compressive loads are being applied on it. Some of the results obtained are its compressive strength, yield strength, ultimate strength, elastic limit, etc.
Slump Test Equipment
This equipment is used to measure the consistency of the concrete before it sets. The workability of the concrete can also be determined through this test. An improperly mixed batch can be known with this procedure.
Sieve Shaker
This equipment is used to analyze the particles of sample aggregates as it is sifted according to its sizes.
Liquid Limit Testing Equipment
This equipment determines the water content at which soil changes from a liquid to a plastic state.
Plastic Limit Testing Equipment
This equipment determines the water content at which soil changes from a plastic to a semi-solid state.
Shrinkage Limit Testing Equipment
This equipment is used to indicate how much moisture will be lost before the sample undergoes significant volume change.
Types of Buildings for Building Construction
Residential Buildings
Commercial Buildings
Civil Buildings
Educational Buildings
Religious Buildings
Agricultural Buildings
Types of Buildings for Heavy or Infrastructure Construction
Highways
Bridges
Canals
Dams
Subways
Tunnels
Utility Piping System
Water Control Construction
Communication networks
Industrial Construction
It refers to the building of large scale manufacturing, processing and chemical plants or utility generation installations.
CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS (CD)
Construction Drawings
Construction Specifications (Master Format)
Construction Drawings
Sometimes referred to as working drawings, shows the dimensional relationships between all aspects of the building: their form, sizes, and quantities.
These drawings, usually computer generated, with dimensions, indicating the physical relationship between components – their location, range, the materials used, and their colors and texture.
The drawing are the basis on which the contractor generates cost estimates and are used to guide the actual construction of the building on the site.
Construction Specifications
The construction documents include a written manual called specification.
Specification describe in writing more detailed information on the exact types of materials to be used and the ways in which construction processes are conducted.
These are written using master format.
Master Format
It provides a standard for writing specifications using a system of descriptive titles and numbers to organize construction activities, products, and requirements into a standard order. The numbers and titles in master format are divided in to fifty groupings called division.
Divisions:
- Division 0- Procurement and contracting requirements
- Division 1- describes the general requirements of the contract, outlining administrative methods for a construction project, such as project management procedures and construction facilities and controls.
- Divisions 2 to 19 – deals mainly with the materials in construction for buildings. It is the Facility Construction Subgroup.
- Divisions 20 to 29 – cover mechanical, electrical, plumbing, fire protection, and communication equipment. These are the Facility Services Subgroup.
- Divisions 30 to 39 – concerned with earthworks, transportation, and marine construction topics. These are
- While Division 40-49, the final sub group deals, with larger industrial process. It is the Process Equipment Subgroup
PROJECT DELIVERY PROCESS
Governs the condition under which construction project will be completed and defines the relationship between the owner, architect, or firm and contractor
CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTORS
GENERAL CONTRACTORS
SUPERINTENDENT
SUBCONTRACTORS
SPECIALTY CONTRACTORS
GENERAL CONTRACTORS
Assume the responsibility for the construction of an entire project at a specific cost and by specific date.
Responsible for the developing project schedules and sequencing and coordinating the work of all subcontractors
Determines the actual methods and techniques of construction as well as implementing safety precautions on the building site
Signs contract with subcontractors
SUPERINTENDENT
General contractor’s on-site representative responsible for continuous field supervision, coordination, and completion of work
Makes sure that the work proceeds according to the project schedule and that the activities of the various subcontractors working on the site will not interfere with one another
SUBCONTRACTORS
Who perform the required work within their technical areas, such as all the electrical, plumbing, roofing, bricklaying, carpentry or concrete
Work independently on site, bringing their own employees, supervisors, and tools for the job
SPECIALTY CONTRACTORS
Do the work required in a limited area, like elevator or communication equipment installation for instance
3 Types of Bidding
COMPETITIVE BIDDING - or publicly financed projects construction contractors; qualified construction contractors
INVITATIONAL BIDDING - for privately funded projects; preselected contractors
NEGOTIATED CONTRACT - An owner may decide on a contractor with whom they have worked on previous projects without seeking other bids
PROJECT DELIVERY METHODS
A project delivery method determines how a construction project will be completed, delegates the responsibilities, rewards, and risk between participants, and regulates the relationship between the owner and the contractor.
3 COMMON TYPES OF CONTRACT
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
The owner may hire a construction manager to provide input during the design phase and oversight and administration of bidding and construction phase.
DESIGN-BID-BUILD
It is the traditional method of project delivery that moves sequentially from conception of a project through its construction. Generally it has the lowest construction cost.
DESIGN-BUILD
In this contracting method, the owner contracts with a single party that completes all portions of the work from design through construction. This contract tends to produce shorter overall project schedules.
Reason for Subcontractors
General Contractors don’t always have enough resources and workforce to complete a project, that’s why they seek subcontractors to have them provided for it.
List of agreement
- Scope of Work
- Safety Requirement
- Due Date (Duration)
- Worker Insurance
- Property Insurance
- Additional Payment
- Disclosure Agreement
Construction scheduling
- The construction schedule assigns progressive dates to all project activities and phases.
- Project scheduling is used to match resources of equipment, material and labor with project construction phases over time.
- Poor scheduling can result in considerable waste as workers and equipment wait for needed sources or the completion of preceding tasks by other trades.
- The most widely used scheduling techniques is the “Critical Path Method (CPM)”
Critical Path Method
is one of the most used scheduling techniques in the construction industry due to its simplicity and powerful resource that it can be. The Critical Path Method is a useful tool that can lead you to achieve your project results and help you delivering the project on time. The Critical Path Method schedule shall include all work specified in the Contract Documents, including all expected activities of subcontractors, vendors, suppliers and all other parties associated with construction of the project.
Permitting
- The building permit is a certificate issued by the local authority having jurisdiction authorizing the construction of a project after a thorough review of construction documents to ensure compliance with local building, safety, and fire codes.
SHOP DRAWINGS
Gives precise directives for the fabrication of certain components, such as structural steel work, concrete reinforcing or pre-cast concrete components.
SUBMITTALS
These are drawings, schedules, performance data, and brochures that give manufacturer’s information on the characteristics of a material and allow the architect to verify that the product under consideration will satisfy the requirements listed in the specification.
CONSTRUCTION MOCK-UP
Is a full-size model of a proposed construction system built to judge the appearance of an assembly, examine its construction details, and test for performance under actual size conditions.
Construction Observation
An onsite visit by the design architect or engineer to determine if the construction materials and installations are in accordance with the documents and specifications, which includes review of testing reports.
Contractor Requests for Information (RFI)
- The request for information (RFI) is used by the contractor to obtain clarification on specific components and assemblies that are not fully detailed or understood through comprehensive review of the drawings and specifications.
- These requests often occur in the building phase, as the contractor examines the documents in detail for the first time.
- A contractor could ask for instance for more information on the details of an interior finish application.
Modifications to the Construction Contract
- Every construction project encounters conditions that require a change to be made to the original contrast documents.
- Changes may be required for a number of reasons, including newly discovered conditions, design omissions or errors, or changes in the scope of the work.
Construction Change Directive (CCD)
It is a written order prepared by the architect and signed by the owner directing a change in the work and stating a proposed basis for adjustments in the contract time, cost or both.
Change Order
It is a written directive to the contractor issued after the execution of an argument that authorizes an addition, deletion, revision to the project along with the related adjustments in contract budget and time.
PROJECT CLOSE OUT
The practice of project close-out finalizes all project activities completed across all phases of the project to formally close the project and transfer the completed or cancelled project as appropriate.
PURPOSE OF PROJECT CLOSE OUT
- Assess the project
- Ensure completion
- Derive any lesson learned and practices to be applied in future
projects
- CONSULTATION
When the contractor determines that the work is nearing completion, the architect or construction manager is asked to return to the site and conduct an inspection of substantial completion.
- ASSESSMENT
Listing the remaining items to be installed or repaired and to collate and submit all product and equipment warranties.
- INSPECTION
Before a final certificate of completion can be issued, the inspecting authority must substantiate that all work is installed and complete, and the quality of workmanship meets the specified standards.
- CERTIFICATION
The contractor will apply to the local jurisdiction for a certificate of occupancy. The certificate issued by the local building department indicating that the building is compliant with locally adopted building codes and is in proper condition to be occupied.
