CMOS Rules Flashcards
How do you make a SINGULAR noun possessive?
Add ‘s
How do you make a PLURAL noun possessive?
Add ‘ only
7.16 example
horse’s mouth, puppies’ paws
7.17 Possessive of Proper Nouns: 7.16 extends to proper nouns including names ending in s,x, or z, in both SINGULAR&PLURAL forms as well as abbreviations and #’s. Examples =>
Singular Ex: Plural Ex;
Kansas’s legislature the Lincoln’s marriage
Marx’s theories
Abbreviations: FDR’s legacy
7.15 Plurals for letters, abbreviations & numerals
How doe you make Capital letters used as words/numerals used as nouns plural?
Add s
How do you make lowercase letters plural?
Add ‘s
7.15 Examples
x’s and y’s, the 1990s, IRAs, URLs, BSs, MAs, PhDs
7.20 Possessive of nouns Plural in Form, Singular in Meaning: When singular form of noun ending in s is the same as the plural, how do you form possessive?
Add ‘
7.27 Possessive vs. Attributive forms for groups: How do you make a proper name possessive?
Add ‘ only
7.27 Examples
farmers’ markets, boys’ clubs
7.30 Contractions: What does the ‘ replace?
omitted letters
7.30 Examples
singin’, gov’t, rock’n’roll
6.19 What is a serial comma?
Items in a series separated by commas
6.19 When a conjunction joins the last 2 elements in a series of 3+, a comma-known as a serial comma/Oxford comma- should appear before
the conjunction
6.19 If the last element consists of a pair joined by “and”
the pair should still be preceded by a serial comma & the first “and”
Example
I want no ifs, ands, or buts
Apples, plums, and grapes can all be used to make wine
6.28 Commas w/ Appositives: a word, abbreviation, phrase placed in apposition to a noun is set off by commas. Example =>
Visula’s husband, Jan, is also a writer (Ursula has only 1 husband)
Restrictive phrase=> provides essential info. about noun= NO COMMA. Example=>
The playwright’s son Julio was there.
6.30 Commas with Participial Phases: An introductory participial phrase is normally set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma. Example:
Exhilarated by her morning workout, she headed for the ocean.
6.40 Commas with Quotations: A quoted independent clause from a text introduced with “said, replied, asked, wrote” introduced with
a comma
Example:
She replied, “I hope you aren’t referring to us.”
6.56 Use of the Semicolon: a semicolon is used between 2 independent clauses not joined by a conjunction to signal a closer connection between them than a period would in what prose?
Regular prose
6.57 Semicolons with “however,” “therefore,” “indeed”: Join the 2 independent clauses with ; preceding the following adverbs
however, thus, hence, indeed, accordingly, besides & therefore
6.57 example
The trumpet player developed a painful cold sore; therefore plans for a third show were scrapped
8.19 Titles & Offices: Civil, military, religions & professional titles are Capitalized when they ________ ____________ a personal name & are used as part of the name (traditionally replacing the title holder’s 1st name)
immediately precede
In what prose/text are titles normally lowercased when following a name or used in place of a name?
Formal Prose & Generic Text
Example: Abraham Lincoln, president of the United States (or President Abraham Lincoln of the United States); President Lincoln; the president; General Bradley; the general
Cardinal Newman; the cardinal
Governors Ige and Brown; the governors
8.27 Corporate & Organizational Titles: Titles of persons holding offices such as those listed below are rarely used as part of a name. If a short form is required, what type of term would suffice?
a generic term or simply a personal name
Ex: the secretary-treasurer; Georgina Fido, secretary-treasurer of the Kenilworth Kennel Society
8.28 Academic Titles: generally follow the pattern for civil titles=> only capitalized when
part of the name (President Washington)
Ex: Professor of the History of Religions in the Divinity of School
professor of comparative literature
8.45 Continents, Countries, Cities, Oceans & such: Entities that _______ ___ __ _____ are ALWAYS CAPITALIZED, as are adjectives and nouns derived from them
appear on map
An initial “the” as part of the name is lowercased EXCEPT
in rare cases where “the” is in the city name
Ex: the North Pole, Atlantic Ocean, South China Sea, the Netherlands
EXCEPTION: The Hague
8.46 Points of the Compass: Compass points and terms derived from them are lowercased IF
they simply indicate direction/location
Ex: north climate
8.47 Regions of the World & National Regions: Terms that denote regions of the world or of a particular country are often capitalized
Ex: the continental United States
8.48 Popular Place -names or epithets: Popular names of places are capitalized
Ex: City of Light, the Bay Area
8.62 Legislative & Deliberative bodies: Capitalize full names of legislative&deliberative bodies, departments, bureaus & offices
Ex: the United States Congress, the House of Rps., the Electoral College
8.70 Associations, Unions& the like: capitalize full names of associations, societies, unions, meetings&conferences
Ex: Girl Scout
8.96 Major Religions: Cap names of major religions
Ex: Buddhist, Buddhism, Christianity
8.97 Denominations, sects, orders&religious movements: Cap all of the above
Ex: Angelicanism, Baptist, Community of Christ, Jehovah’s Witnesses
8.98 “church” as an institution: Unless an author/publisher prefers otherwise, church is _________ when referring to an institution of religion
lowercased
Ex: church and state
church is CAPITALIZED when
part of a FORMAL NAME of a denomination (United Methodist Church) or congregation (the Church of St. Thomas the Apostate)
9.2 Numbers: How are numbers displayed in nontechnical texts?
spell out whole numbers from zero through one hundred and certain round multiples of those numbers
9.18 Percentages: EXCEPT at ___________ percentages are usually expressed in numerals.
at the beginning of a sentence
- In nontechnical contexts “ percent” is used.
- In scientific/statistical contects the symbol “%” is more common
8.177 Titles of articles&features in periodicals/newspapers, chapter&part titles, titles of short stories or essays& individual selections in books are set in
roman type& enclosed in quotation marks
Ex: John S. Ellis’s article “Reconciling the Celt”
appeared in the Journal of British Studies.
6.41 Titles or expressions set off from the surrounding text with ___________________ or ___________ are usually treated like noun forms; _________ are used or omitted as they would be with any other noun
quotation marks or italics
commas
6.9 Periods&commas precede_____________ ____________________ whether double or single
closing quotation marks
13.14 When it is simply a matter of identifying a speaker, a comma is used AFTER _____, __________, ________, and similar verbs to introduce a quotation
SAID, REPLIED, ASKED
6.10 _________&_____________-unlike periods&commas- FOLLOW closing quotation marks
COLONS & SEMICOLONS
6.10 “ “& !’s follow closing quotation marks UNLESS
they belong within the quoted matter
Ex: I can’t believe you don’t know “Filling Station”!
6.70 A ? should be placed INSIDE “ “s, ( )s, or [ ]s ONLY WHEN
it is PART of the quoted/parenthetical matter
13.45 What is indirect discourse
paraphrasing dialogue
Does indirect discourse require “ “?
No
6.54 A ______ is often used to indicate the ____________ of a word/words readily understood from the context.
COMMA, OMISSION
Ex: Thousands rushed to serve him in victory; in defeat, none.
S/V Agreement: The cowboys or the foreman ensures/ensure that there is plenty of water.
ENSURES
S/V: Each of the zookeepers is/are responsible for keeping unauthorized food from the beasts
IS
Either the reptile or the arachnids has/have eaten the crickets
HAVE
Neither the earthworm nor the honeybee is/are native to North America
IS
In complete metamorphosis, the stages of an insect is/are egg, larva, pupa, and adult
ARE
whole #’s 1-100 followed by hundred, thousand, hundred thousand are usually __________________
SPELLED OUT
when a # begins a sentence it is ALWAYS__________________
SPELLED OUT
EXCEPT at the BEGINNING of a sentence, percentages are usually expressed in ___________
NUMERALS
nontechnical contexts: _________ is used
scientific/statistical copy:_________ is used
percent, % symbol
add __________ to form possessive if singular noun
’s
the possessive of plural nouns is formed by adding____________
’ only
possessive form rule 7.16 of singular&plural nouns applies to __________________
proper nouns
7.17 proper noun possessives include __________ ending in s, x, or z, in both singular and plural forms, as well as ____________ & _____________
names, abbreviations, #’s
When singular form of noun ending in “s”=SAME as PLURAL, the possessives are BOTH formed by _____
’ only
closely linked nouns are considered a __________________ in forming the possessive when the thing being “possessed” is the _________ for both
single unit, same
7.23 only the 2nd element takes the _______________ form
possessive
proper names=______________
’ only
ex: taxpayers’ association, Publishers Weekly
___________ when a compound modifier PRECEDES a ____________
HYPHENATE, noun
NEVER INCORRECT to hyphenate adjectival compounds ___________ a noun
BEFORE
NO HYPHEN when compounds __________ the noun they modify
FOLLOW
NO HYPHEN when adverb ending in ___ plus an ____________ or _______________ (such as smartly dressed) are not hyphenated
“ly”, adective, participle
Bob and Janes bookshelves were filled with rare treasures, including a breathtaking edition of Shakespeares Midsummer Nights Dream.
Jane’s, Shakespeare’s
She traveled the ____________ highways and byways in the ____________ stolen minivan.
a) United States’/Jones’ b) United State’s/ Joneses
c) United States’s/Jones’s d) United States’/Joneses’
D) United States’/Joneses’
Presidents Day and Groundhog Day are my favorite holidays in February.
a) Presidents’ Day/Groundhog Day
b) President’s Day/Groundhog’s Day
c) Presidents Day/Groundhog Day
d) President’s Day/Groundhogs Day
a) Presidents’ Day/Groundhog Day
I must have read at least 130/ one hundred thirty books this year.
130
There is only a 10%/ten percent/10 percent chance I’ll feel like going tonight
10 percent
Her loan has a great interest rate of 2.9%/ 2.9 percent.
2.9 percent
The new parking structure will have enough spaces for 450/four hundred fifty vehicles
450
The cowboys or the foreman ensures/ensure that there is plenty of water.
ensures
Each of the zookeepers is/are responsible for keeping unauthorized food from the beasts.
is
Either the rptile or the arachnids has/have eaten the crickets
have
Neither the earthworm nor the honeybee is/are native to North America
is
In complete metamorphasis, the stages of an insect is/are egg, larva, pupa, and adult
are
The knight drew his sword from a beautifully embroidered scabbord. “Fear not!” he cried. “I’ll slay that peasant eating monster!”
peasant-eating-monster
The princess looked at the fifty foot drop from her fifth floor room and began tying sheets, cloaks, and tapestries together. She would just have to rescue herself.
fifty-foot, fifth-floor
