CMN 596

Question 1

Pavement radio

Answer 1

South Africa, informal channels through which information spreads, urban communication, not traditional, caused by distrust in the media

Question 2

Clickbait

Answer 2

exaggerated headlines meaning to generate clicks

Question 3

Bell-Potinger/Gupta Family scandal

Answer 3

Bell-Potinger was a PR company for the Gupta family, they created a meaning for “white monopoly capital” to shift focus

Question 4

State capture

Answer 4

corruption where powerful people take control and molopolize institutions and processes through which public policy is made

Question 5

Caste system

Answer 5

a system of social hierarchy in India, sweepers at the bottom, priests and teachers at the top

Question 6

society and technology affordances in India

Answer 6

differences in religion: cow killing and kidnapping
WhatsApp made is possible for info to spread quickly, difficult for police

Question 7

Affordance theory

Answer 7

any properties that determine how an object can be used

Question 8

Index content

Answer 8

AI crawls internet and puts it into categories

Question 9

Rank content

Answer 9

AI considers what question means and how relevant it is, relevance of source

Question 10

bent testimony

Answer 10

testimony: truth or view of truth
bent: unclear motivations of person giving testimony

Question 11

Section 230 of Common Decency Act

Answer 11

allowed internet providers with content moderation without being responsible itself for content

Question 12

Gonzales Vs. Google Supreme Court Case

Answer 12

Gonzales was killed in the 2015 Paris terrorist attack
are search engines responsible for what people see/push at people

Question 13

Filter bubbles

Answer 13

isolation based on what feed we see things we agree/ don’t agree with

Question 14

echo chambers

Answer 14

overexposed to content you agree with

Question 15

keyword signaling

Answer 15

certain keywords lead to certain results

Question 16

data voids

Answer 16

parts of Internet without much information, some terms without a lot of info about term “white monopoly capital”

Question 17

Self-selected personalization

Answer 17

selection we voluntarily do

Question 18

pre-selected personalization

Answer 18

narrows choice we have to engage with

Question 19

weaponized communication

Answer 19

advertising that leads to further diversion communication, channel can be weaponized advertisements

Question 20

affordances of advertisement ecosystems that allow them for the spread of problematic information

Answer 20

micro-targeting
advertising profiles: first party data/ third party data
consumer profiles: strategic messaging
machine learning algorithms

Question 21

Three painful truths

Answer 21

social media’s business model: monitering/predicting, surveillance capitalism
social media’s architecture: addiction
social media’s algorithm: attention economy

Question 22

deepfakes

Answer 22

realistic and difficult to detect audio or visual, made out of nothing using advanced tech

Question 23

shallowfakes/cheapfakes

Answer 23

content changed affordably/accessibly, manipulation to existing content

Question 24

liar’s dividend

Answer 24

figures caught lying or doing something bad can cast doubt due to deepfakes

Question 25

Supply side interventions

Answer 25

what information providers do
flags, tags, friction
deplatforming
content modration

Question 26

demand

Answer 26

what the audience does i.e media literacy

Question 27

Middle

Answer 27

fact checking

Question 28

media literacy

Answer 28

the ability to assess/create using all forms of communication to determine credibility/accuracy

Question 29

five essential competencies of media literacy

Answer 29

access, create, reflect, act, analyze/evaluate

Question 30

benefits of media literacy

Answer 30

fact checkers, more informed society

Question 31

limitations of media literacy

Answer 31

weaponized, search can be hijacked, doesn’t solve polarization issues

Question 32

fact checking

Answer 32

verifying information that is presented
done by algorithms, machines, or an organization

Question 33

benefits to fact checking

Answer 33

better informed society, accurate information, accountability

Question 34

limitations to fact checking

Answer 34

overlapping categories, cloudy motivations, complex digital culture

Question 35

deplatforming

Answer 35

taking creator off of platform

Question 36

demonitization

Answer 36

not paying creator for content

Question 37

suppression

Answer 37

not showing content or pushing it down

Question 38

benefits to deplatforming

Answer 38

takes away ability to spread false information, sends warning to others

Question 39

limitations to deplatforming

Answer 39

minions, Streisand effect/amplifying, free speech

Question 40

benefits to content labels and community notes

Answer 40

provides context, forces people to think

Question 41

limitations of content labels and community notes

Answer 41

doesn’t remove or stop from re-sharing, not used consistently

Question 42

Marwick’s socio-technical model of media effects and why people believe and spread false information.

Answer 42

Actors- who is involved, culture
Affordances- anything that restricts or allows usage
Messages/Patterns- what is being said

India case:
Actors: Indians, argue over religion, kidnapping, high tension
Affordances: WhatsApp allows for quick sharing of information, information is not accessible for outside group
Messages: group of guys thought to have kidnapped children were beaten

Question 43

strengths and weaknesses of existing efforts to combat problematic information

Answer 43

Friction-
Benefits: more effective than other modes, causes people to think, takes away the ease to post
Limitations: arguments over free speech, annoyance

Deplatforming-
Benefits: elimates voice from platform, sends message
Limitations: minion accounts, amplify