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CMMB 403 > CMMB 403 - Midterm Deck > Flashcards

CMMB 403 - Midterm Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six stages of embryogenesis?

A
  1. Fertilization
  2. Cleavage
  3. Gastrulation
  4. Organogenesis
  5. Larval Stage (in some species)
  6. Gametogenesis
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2
Q

The anatomical term anterior means what?

A

Towards the head or rostral.

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3
Q

The anatomical term posterior means what?

A

Towards the tail or caudral.

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4
Q

A transverse plane cuts a specimen how?

A

Cross section - separating the anterior and posterior ends.

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5
Q

A midsagittal plane cuts a specimen how?

A

Down the median of the specimen.

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6
Q

A horizontal plane separates a specimen how?

A

Through the middle - separating the dorsal and ventral planes.

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7
Q

What is a blastomere?

A

Any cell of a cleavage stage embryo.

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8
Q

What are the four types of holoblastic (complete) isolecithal cleavage?

A
  1. Radial cleavage
  2. Spiral cleavage
  3. Bilateral cleavage
  4. Rotational cleavage
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9
Q

What is the one type of holoblastic mesolecithal cleavage?

A

Displaced radial cleavage

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10
Q

What are the two types of meroblastic (incomplete) telolecithal cleavage?

A
  1. Bilateral cleavage
  2. Discoidal cleavage
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11
Q

What is the one type of meroblastic centrolecithal cleavage?

A

Superficial cleavage

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12
Q

Holoblastic, isolecithal cleavage means what?

A

The embryo contains a sparse, evenly distributed yolk.

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13
Q

Holoblastic, mesolecithal cleavage means what?

A

The embryo contains moderate vegetal yolk disposition.

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14
Q

What does meroblastic, telolecithal cleavage mean?

A

Dense yolk is present throughout most of the cell.

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15
Q

What does meroblastic, centrolecithal cleavage mean?

A

The yolk is in the centre of the egg.

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16
Q

What type of cleavage is shown in this image?

A

Radial cleavage - Isolecithal holoblastic.

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17
Q

What type of cleavage is shown in this image?

A

Spiral - isolecithal holoblastic

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18
Q

What type of cleavage is shown in this image?

A

Bilateral - holoblastic isolecithal

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19
Q

What type of cleavage is shown in this image?

A

Rotational - holoblastic isolecithal

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20
Q

What type of cleavage is shown in this image?

A

Displaced radial - holoblastic mesolecithal

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21
Q

What type of cleavage is shown in this image?

A

Bilateral - telolecithal meroblastic

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22
Q

What type of cleavage is shown in this image?

A

Discoidal - meroblastic telolecithal

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23
Q

What type of cleavage is shown in this image?

A

Superficial - meroblastic centrolecithal

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24
Q

What four things happen during gastrulation?

A
  1. Formation of mesoderm
  2. Formation of endoderm
  3. Formation of ectoderm
  4. Formation of notochord
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25
Q

What are the two types of basic cells in the embryo?

A
  1. Epithelial cells - attached in a sheet
  2. Mesenchymal cells - individual cells
26
Q

What is invagination?

A

Infolding of the sheet of epithelial cells (like a ball being poked inward)

27
Q

What is involution?

A

Inward movement of an expanding outer layer - instead of two ends meeting, the turn inward and spread over the internal layer.

28
Q

What is ingression?

A

Migration of individual cells from the surface into the embryo’s interior (cells separate and move independently)

29
Q

What is delamination?

A

Splitting of one cellular sheet into two parallel sheets without losing connection to previous layer.

30
Q

What is epiboly?

A

Movement of epithelial sheets spreading as a unit (caused by cell division, changing of shape, several layers of cells radially intercalating into fewer layers).

31
Q

What is convergent extension?

A

Movement of lateral cells towards the midline, leading to intercalation and elongation along the anterior-posterior axis.

32
Q

What is specification?

A

When a cell is committed to it’s fate, but can be reversed.

33
Q

What is determination?

A

The committent to a specific cell path is irreversible.

34
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Development into a specialized cell type.

35
Q

What is autonomous specification?

A

Blastomeres acquire determination factors from the egg cytoplasm.

36
Q

What is conditional specification?

A

Cells are specified by signal from their neighbouring cells.

37
Q

What is a syncytium?

A

A cytoplasm containing many nuclei.

38
Q

What is a morphogen?

A

A long-range signalling molecule that forms a concentration gradient in the embryo - specification and differentiation depends on the concentration of the molecule.

39
Q

What is a determinant?

A

Influences cell fate in the cell in which it is produced.

40
Q

Methylated lysines at which histones are associated with gene activation?

A

4, 38 and 79

41
Q

Methylated lysins at which histones are associated with gene repression?

A

9 and 27

42
Q

The kozak sequence contains which code?

A

Translation initiation codon - ATG

43
Q

What is an enhancer?

A

A non-coding DNA sequence that binds transcription factors and activates transcription.

44
Q

How many BPs away can a transcription factor be from the target gene?

A

Up to one million

45
Q

Discrete enhancers do what?

A

Control the expression developmental genes in different tissues.

46
Q

What is a homeodomain?

A

A highly conserved 60 amino acid sequence found across mammals.

47
Q

What transcription factors are involved in the Hox domain, and what are their functions?

A
  1. Hoxa1 and Hoxb2
  2. Axis formation
48
Q

What transcription factors are involved in the POU domain, and what are their functions?

A
  1. Pit1, Unc-86, Oct2
  2. Pituitary development and neural fate
49
Q

What transcription factors are involved in the Lim domain, and what are their functions?

A
  1. Lim1, forkhead
  2. Head development
50
Q

What transcription factors are involved in the Pax domain, and what are their functions?

A
  1. Pax1, 2, 3, 6, 7
  2. Neural specification, eye and muscle develoment
51
Q

What transcription factors are involved in the Basic helix-loop-helix domain, and what are their functions?

A
  1. MyoD, MITF, daughterless
  2. Muscle and nerve specification, drosophilia sex determination, pigmentation
52
Q

What transcription factors are involved in the Basic leucine zipper domain, and what are their functions?

A
  1. cEBP, AP1, MITF
  2. Liver differentiation, fat cell specification
53
Q

What transcription factors are involved in the Standard zinc finger domain, and what are their functions?

A
  1. WT1, Kruppel, Engrailed
  2. Kidney, gonad and macrophage development, drosophilia segmentation
54
Q

What transcription factors are involved in the Nuclear-hormone receptor zinc-finger domain, and what are their functions?

A
  1. Glucocorticoid receptor, estrogen receptor, testosterone receptor, retinoic acid receptor
  2. Secondary sex determination, craniofacial development, limb development
55
Q

What transcription factors are involved in the Sry-Sox domain, and what are their functions?

A
  1. Sry, SoxD, Sox2
  2. Bend DNA, mammalian primary sex determination, ectoderm differentation
56
Q

What are the three major domains of transcription factors?

A
  1. DNA binding
  2. Trans-activating
  3. Protein-protein interaction
57
Q

What is a CpG island?

A

A cytosine residue that is followed by a guanine residue in a DNA sequence.

58
Q

What is the purpose of De novo methyltransferase (Dnmt3)?

A

Can place a methyl group on an unmethylated cytosine residue.

59
Q

What is the purpose of perpetuating methyltransferase (Dnmt1)?

A

Recognizes methylated Cs on one strand and methylates the C on the opposite CG strand.

60
Q
A

CMMB 403 (11 decks)

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