Cmb finals Flashcards
1
Q
- What Are Mutations? ¬
A
Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
* May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to offspring)
* May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be passed to offspring
2
Q
- Are Mutations Helpful or Harmful?
A
- Mutations happen regularly
- Almost all mutations are neutral
- Chemicals & UV radiation cause mutations
- Many mutations are repaired by enzymes
- Some type of skin cancers and leukemia result from somatic mutations
- Some mutations may improve an organism’s survival (beneficial)**
3
Q
- What is a chromosome?.
A
- A chromosome is a DNA molecule that is tightly coiled around proteins called histones, which support its structure, to form a thread-like structures
4
Q
- Types of Mutations
A
Deletion,
Inversion,
Translocation, Nondisjunction,
Duplication
5
Q
- Type of mutation that due to breakage a piece of chromosome is lost
A
Deletion
6
Q
- Type of mutation that chromosome segments breaks off and the segment flips around backwards and the segments reattaches
A
- Inversion
7
Q
- This type of mutation occurs when a gene sequence is repeated
A
- Duplication
8
Q
- Type of mutation that change in chromosome structure and content caused by the exchange of pieces between chromosomes.
A
- Translocation
9
Q
- Type of mutation that failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis and caused gamete to have too many or too few chromosomes and it also cause a known disease
A
- Nondisjunction
10
Q
- It is also known an trisomy 21 is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21
A
- down syndrome
11
Q
- A condition that affects only females results when one of the X chromosomes ( sex chromosomes) is missing or partially missing
A
- Turner syndrome
12
Q
- A genetic disorder that affects only male it occurs when a boy is born with one or more extra X chromosomes.
A
- Klinefelter’s syndrome
13
Q
- meiosis 1 starts normally tetrads line up in the middle of the cell, the one set of homologs does not separate, meiosis 2 occurs normally , all gametes have an abnormal number of chromosomes
A
- either one too many or too few
14
Q
What is gene mutations.
A
- change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene, may only involve a single nucleotide and may be due to copying errors, chemicals, viruses etc
15
Q
- Types of gene mutation
A
point mutations,
substitutions,
insertions,
deletions, frameshift
16
Q
- This is type of gene mutation that change of a single nucleotide and includes the deletion insertion or substitution of one nucleotide in a gene
A
- point mutation
17
Q
- What do you call the disease that result of one nucleotide substitution
A
sickle cell disease
18
Q
- Type of gene mutation that inserting or deleting one or more nucleotides, changes the “reading frame” like changing sentence and proteins built incorrectly
A
- frameshift mutation
19
Q
- Type of gene mutation that exchanges one base for another
A
- substitution mutation
20
Q
- Type of gene mutation that the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence
A
- insertion mutation
21
Q
- Type of gene mutation that a part of chromosome or a sequence of DNA is lost during DNA replication
A
deletion mutation
22
Q
- What are the organelles that convert energy to forms that cells can use for work
A
- mitochondria and chloroplast
23
Q
- This is literally means “ sugar splitting” which is exactly what occurs during this pathway.
A
glycolysis
24
Q
- The six carbon sugar glucose is broken down into two three- carbon sugars called ___ ( an ionized form of pyruvic acid
A
- Pyruvate
25
Q
- Two phases of glycolysis
A
- energy investment phase, energy harvest phase
26
Q
- What are the products of glycolysis
A
- 2 pyruvates, 2 ATP, 2 NADPH
27
Q
- It is the end product of glycolysis, is derived from additional sources in the cellular cytoplasm, and is ultimately destined for transport into mitochondria as a master fuel input undergirding citric acid carbon flux
A
- Pyruvate
28
Q
- What enzyme are responsible for the catalyzation of the three steps is pyruvate oxidation
A
- pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
29
Q
- What are the citriqc acid or kreb’s cycle produce?
A
- carbon, NADPH,FADH2, ATP OR GTP
30
Q
- list it according to order
- acetyl coA ( from oxidation of pyruvate) adds its two carbon acetyl group to oxaloacetate
- Addition of water molecule rearranges bonds in the substrate
- Another CO2 is lost and the resulting compound is oxidized reducing NAD+ to NADH. The remaining molecule is them attached to coenzyme a by an unstable
- Isocitrate is oxidized reducing NAD+ to NADH. Then the resulting compound loses a CO2 molecule
- CoA is displaced by a phosphate group, which is transferred to GDP, forming GTP, a molecule with functions similar to ATP. GTP can also be used as shown, to generate ATP
- Citrate is converted to its isomer, isocitrate by removal of one water molecule and addition of another –
- The substrate is oxidized reducing NAD+ to NADH and regenerating oxaloacetate
8. Two hydrogens are transferred to FAD, forming FADH2 and oxidizing succinate
A
- 1, 7, 4. 3. 5, 2,8, 6
31
Q
- It is thought to have become a part of certain eukaryotic cells in much the same way as mitochondria were incorporated into all eukaryotic cells
A
Chloroplast
32
Q
- It is the first eukaryotic cell was probably an amoeba – like cell that got nutrients by phagocytosis and contained a nucleus
A
- endosymbiotic theory
33
Q
- This are both a similar both have double membranes circular DNA, ribosomes and thylakoids
A
chloroplast and cyanobacteria
34
Q
- Cyanin means aqua colored
A
- Cyan
35
Q
- This is found in algal and plants cells, and a cell organelle that produces energy through photosynthesis
A
- chloroplast
36
Q
- The greek word khloros means ?
A
- green
37
Q
- The Greek word plastes means?
A
- formed
38
Q
- Plant that obtains nutrients from other plants and lost the genes coding for the development of the chloroplast
A
- Rafflesia
39
Q
- Structure in plants that known as absent in animal cells it is have doubled – membraned cell organelles that play primary role in the manufacturing and storing food.
A
- Plastids
40
Q
- What are the three types of chloroplast
A
- chromoplast, chloroplast and leucoplast
41
Q
- This is type of plastid known as color plastids that are found in all flowers and fruits and mainly responsible for their distinctive colors
A
- chromoplast
42
Q
- This is type of plastid known as green-color plastids, which comprise green colored pigments within the plant cell and are called chlorophyll
A
chloroplast
43
Q
- This is type of plastid known as colorless plastids and are mainly used for the storage of starch, lipids and proteins within the plant cell
A
Leucoplast
44
Q
- This is can be found in the cells of the mesophyll in plant leaves
A
Chloroplast
45
Q
- This are the plants cells organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process
A
- Chloroplast
46
Q
- This structure of chloroplast is have important role in signal transduction, protein important, lipid biosynthesis and remodeling, exchange of ions and numerous metabolites plastid division, movement and host defense
A
outer membrane
47
Q
- This structure of chloroplast is the space between inner and outer membranes. It is the region between the inner membrane and the outer membrane of mitochondrion or a chloroplast and its main function is nucleotide phosphorylation – intermembrane space
A
- Thylakoid
48
Q
- This structure separates the stroma from the intermembrane space. It fills the role of the inner mitochondrial membrane in electron transport and the chemiosmotic generation of ATP and this is impermeable to ions and metabolites which are therefore able to enter chloroplast via specific membrane transporter
A
- inner membrane
49
Q
- 4 organelles found inside the inner membrane
A
Thylakoid,
Stroma Lamella,
Stroma
Granum
50
Q
- It id the sight for the process of light dependent reaction of the photosynthesis process and this are disc- shaped and collect photons from a light sources
A
- Thylakoid
51
Q
- It increase the efficiency of photosynthesis by keeping grana at a distance so that they do not clutter together. They are also known as stroma thylakoids. They ensure that maximum energy from sunlight is captured in photosynthesis
A
- Stroma lamella
52
Q
- It is a colorless, alkaline aqueous, protein-rich fluid present within the inner membrane of the chloroplast present surrounding the grana
A
- Stroma
53
Q
- Interior to the chloroplast’s inner membrane and surrounding the thylakoids is a fluid called?
A
- Glucose
54
Q
- The light independent reactions of photosynthesis take place within the stroma it contains enzymes that work with ATP and NADPH to “fix” carbon from carbon dioxide into molecules that can be used to build ?
A
- Granum
55
Q
- It is considered as basic fundamental units of chloroplast and are stacks of membrane- bounded, flattened discoid sacs called thylakoid containing the molecules chlorophyll
A
- Thylakoid
56
Q
- It is the conversion of light energy ( solar energy) into chemical energy
A
- Photosynthesis
57
Q
- Photosynthesis happens in regions of a cell called ?
A
- Chloroplast
58
Q
- The green Pigment in chloroplast that traps the sunlight
A
- Chlorophyll
59
Q
1.
- Breaks down water into hydrogen and oxygen atoms to release energy ( ATP) for photosynthesis
A
- Sunlight
60
Q
- Supplies hydrogen atoms to carbon dioxide in the formation of carbohydrate
A
Water
61
Q
- Combines with hydrogen atoms to form carbohydrate
A
- carbon dioxide
62
Q
- Several layers of plant leaves
A
- epidermis, mesophyll and veins
63
Q
- It is the outer layer of cells covering the cells
A
epidermis
64
Q
- It is a thin layer a top the epidermis its function is to reduce or prevent water loss form the leaf
A
- waxy cuticle
65
Q
- It is involved in photosynthesis by allowing sunlight to penetrate through its layer it is cells contains no chloroplast – the upper epidermis its function is to prevent water from getting out and stopping unwanted substances/organisms to getting in.
A
- upper epidermis
66
Q
- It is the primary location of photosynthesis in the plant
A
mesophyll
67
Q
- It is where the photosynthesis mostly occur, it cells contains a lot of chloroplast and the cells are completely packed together and it is only found in the upper part of the leaf
A
- palisade mesophyll
68
Q
- Its cells are not as closely packed as the cells in the palisade mesophyll layer, it creates air spaces inside the leaf to enable gases to move in or move out , not as many chloroplast and the photosynthesis is still occur
A
- spongy mesophyll layer
69
Q
1.
- It is the bottom layer of the leaf and is one cell thick it may/ may not contain a cuticle and the holes can be found in leaves called stomata
A
- lower epidermis
70
Q
- what do you called in the stomata that formed by 2 highly specialized epidermis cells
A
- guard cells
71
Q
- It is the process by which evaporation of water from leaf surface draws water from roots upward
A
- Transpiration
72
Q
- It is provide the transport of materials in the leaf and carries water minerals and food through the leaf and rest of the plants
A
Veins
73
Q
- what do you call in the water and mineral transport
A
- xylem
74
Q
- what do you call in the sugar and food transport
A
phloem
75
Q
- It is organic molecule that absorbs light , found in chloroplast of plants cells and in plants it gives the leaves, flower and fruits their color
A
pigment
76
Q
- What are the 3 types of pigment
A
- chlorophyll ABCD, carotenoids, flavonoids
77
Q
- This is the main photosynthetic pigments in plants
A
- chlorophyll AB
78
Q
- It is play s a crucial role in converting light energy to chemical energy and all photosynthetic plants algae and cyanobacteria contain this pigment
A
- chlorophyll A
79
Q
- This pigment is present in plants, green algae and some cyanobacteria
A
- chlorophyll B
80
Q
- This pigment is found in diatoms, dinoflagellates and brown algae
A
- Chlorophyll C
81
Q
- This pigment is present only in red algae
A
- Chlorophyll D
82
Q
- What color does chlorophyll absorbs in the sunlight
A
red , yellow and blue
83
Q
- What do you call the pigment that gives yellow, red or orange pigment and it is known as accessory pigment
A
Carotenoids
84
Q
- What do you call the pigment that is found in the vacuole of plant cell?
A
Flavonoids
85
Q
- What is the most common flavonoids?
A
- Anthocyanin
86
Q
92.What pigment under flavonoid is found in petals, fruits, stems and leaves
A
Anthocyanin
87
Q
- It is the initial stage pf photosynthesis and this traps light energy from the sunlight
A
- light dependent reaction
88
Q
- what do you call the type of chemical reaction in which molecules are split into smaller units by absorbing light
A
- Photolysis
89
Q
- It is the attachments of phosphate group to a molecule or an ion
A
- Phosphorylation
90
Q
*
- It does not need light , it occurs in stroma, it require the products of light-dependent reaction to function and convert the carbon from carbon dioxide into glucose
A
- Calvin cycle/ dark independent reaction
91
Q
- The dark independent reaction is divided in three main stages what are they?
A
- Carbon Fixation, reduction and regeneration
92
Q
- What are the factors that can limit the rate of photosynthesis
A
light intensity, carbon dioxide, concentration and temperature
93
Q
- This is the factors affecting photosynthesis that without enough light, a plant cannot photosynthesis very quickly – even if there is plenty of water and carbon dioxide
A
light intensity
94
Q
- Even if there is a plenty of light a plant cannot photosynthesize if there is insufficient?
A
light intensity
95
Q
- If its gets too cold the rate of photosynthesis will decrease. Plants cannot photosynthesis if it gets too hot
A
- Temperature
96
Q
- What cellular organelle makes proteins?
A
ribosome
97
Q
- what do you call the enzyme unique 3-D shape surface groove
A
- active site
99
Q
```
~~~
- What are the factors that influence enzyme activity
A
- temperature, ph, inhibitors cofactors and coenzymes
100
Q
- What are the non-protein portion of the enzyme and that is need for proper enzymatic activity
A
cofactors/ coenzymes
101
Q
- What are the two types of enzyme inhibitors
A
- competitive inhibitors and non competitive inhibitor
102
Q
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~~~
- This is the chemicals that resemble an enzymes normal substrate and compete with it for the active site
A
- competitive inhibitors
103
Q
- This is do not enter active site, but bind to another part of the enzyme, causing the enzyme and active site to change shape
A
non competitive inhibitors
104
Q
- what do you call the sum of all chemical reactions in a cell or organism
A
- Metabolism
105
Q
- ROY G. BIV
A
- red orange yellow green indigo violet
106
Q
- it is the pigment that absorbs red and blue light (photons) so green is reflected or transmitted
A
chlorophyll
107
Q
- it is a compound that absorb light
A
- Pigment
108
Q
- what are the two types of chlorophyll?
A
- chlorophyll A, B
109
Q
- This pigment is involved in light reactions
A
chlorophyll A
110
Q
- This pigment is assists in capturing light energy accessory pigment
A
Chlorophyll
111
Q
- This is the accessory pigments that capture more light energy
A
- Carotenoids
112
Q
*
- It is the conversion of light energy into chemical energy that is stored in organic compounds
A
- photosynthesis
113
Q
- This are used by autotrophs
A
- plants, algae, some bacteria (prokaryotes)
114
Q
- This is energy rich chemical produced through photosynthesis
A
- glucose
115
Q
- This is the series of reactions where the product of one reaction is consumed in the next
A
- biochemical pathway
116
Q
- The transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another
A
- redox reaction
117
Q
- Two type of redox reaction
A
- oxidation and reduction
118
Q
- it is the loss of electrons from the substance or the gain of oxygen
A
oxidation
119
Q
- it the gain of electrons to a substance or the loss of oxygen
A
reduction
120
Q
- What are the cells photosynthesis occurs?
A
- cell wall, central vacuole, nucleus, chloroplast
121
Q
- What are the organelles where photosynthesis takes place
A
- inner membrane, outer membrane,
stroma,
thylakoid
and Granum
122
Q
- Its Double membrane organelle that absorbs light energy
A
chloroplast
123
Q
- Its Flattened sacs contain pigment
A
- Thylakoids
124
Q
- It’s the layer thylakoid (like pancake)
A
Granum
125
Q
- This is the solution around thylakoid and it is where Calvin cycle occurs
A
stroma
126
Q
- This is the pore on underside of leaf where 02 is released and co2 enters
A
- Stromata
127
Q
```
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- It is the ultimate energy for all life on earth
A
Sunlight
128
Q
- Where plants store energy
A
- in the chemical bonds of sugars
129
Q
```
~~~
- what chemical energy released during cellular respiration
A
ATP
130
Q
1.
- What process called in the free phosphate can be re attached to ADP reforming ATP
A
- Phosphorylation
131
Q
- Produces energy from solar power (photons) in the form of ATP and NADPH.
A
light reaction
132
Q
- Also called Carbon Fixation or Carbon Cycle, Uses energy (ATP and NADPH) from light reaction to make sugar (glucose)
A
- Calvin Cycle
132
Q
- It is use calvin cycle exclusively and form 3-carbon compounds
A
c3 plants
133
Q
- It is involves in the production of ATP
A
- CHEMIOSMOSIS
134
Q
- It is involved in hot, dry climate and from 4 carbon compounds, partially close stromata e.g corn sugar, cane and crabgrass
A
- C4
135
Q
- It is open stromata at night and close in a day and grow slow , lose less water e.g. cactus, pineapple
A
- CAM
136
Q
143.hot moist environment the c4 photosynthesis occurs in 2 places – light reaction
A
- mesophyll cells and calvin cycle -bundle sheath cells
137
Q
- Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy thru series of?
A
biochemical pathways
138
Q
- Electrons excite in?
A
photosystem II – move along ETC to photosystem
139
Q
- ATP synthesized across in
A
- Thylakoid
140
Q
- what are the Other pathways of photosynthesis
A
C3- C4- CAM
141
Q
148.It is a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.- Endomembrane system -endomembrane system
A
- endoplasmic reticulum
142
Q
149.This plays a key role in the modification of proteins and the synthesis of lipids
A
endoplasmic reticulum?
143
Q
150.What do you called the discs and tubules of the ER are hollow, and the space inside.
A
- lumen
144
Q
- What is the special type of smooth ER that is responsible for storage of calcium ions which are needed to trigger the coordinated contractions of muscle fiber
A
sarcoplasmic reticulum
145
Q
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- What do you call in the tiny “smooth” patches of ER found within the rough ER. These patches serve as exit sites for vesicles budding off from the rough ER and are called?
A
Transitional ER
146
Q
153.Chemical process that releases energy from organic compounds ( food) , gradually converting it into energy that is stored in ATP molecules
A
cellular respiration
147
Q
- 3 chemical pathway
A
- glycolysis, krebs cycle and electron transport , alcoholic fermentation or lactic acid fermentation
148
Q
```
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~~~
- What do you call the reactions that extract energy from molecules like glucose this means they involve breaking a larger molecule into smaller pieces e.g when glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen iyts converted into 6 carbon dioxide molecules and 6 water molecules
A
- catabolic reactions
149
Q
- The breakdown process called that when organic fuels like glucose are broken down using an electron transport chain
A
- cellular respiration
