CMA 1 Flashcards
(210 cards)
1
Q
Oral route
A
Mouth, sublingual, buccal
2
Q
Inhalation route
A
Inhalers, nebulizers, oxygen
3
Q
Topical route
A
Creams, ointments, transdermal patches
4
Q
Instillation route
A
Drops & ointments in the ears, eyes, & nose
5
Q
Medication
A
Any prescription or non-prescription drug intended for treatment or prevention of disease or to affect body function in humans
6
Q
What do a recipients rights include?
A
Information provided about the medication’s they are taking, what medication they’re taking and why it’s provided, and refusal to take medication
7
Q
If something is not documented, did it legally happen?
A
No
8
Q
Accurately document all medication provided, including…
A
Medication, dose, route, time administered, any refusal of medication, and spoilage
9
Q
Sublingual administration
A
Placing under the tongue
10
Q
Buccal administration
A
Placing between the gum and cheek
11
Q
Buccal
A
Placing between the gum and cheek
12
Q
Sublingual administration, buccal administration, and ___ are part of oral medications.
A
Oral sprays
13
Q
Inhaler
A
A device for giving medicines in the form of a spray that is inhaled or breathed in through the nose or mouth
14
Q
Nebulizer
A
An electrically powered machine that turns liquid medication into a mist so that it can be breathed directly into the lungs through face mask or mouthpiece
15
Q
Oxygen
A
A pressurized container, that stores oxygen or liquid oxygen for supplemental oxygen therapy
16
Q
Sprays
A
I’m medicinal spray that contains a drug or drugs in a carrier that forms a film when sprayed on a surface
17
Q
Creams
A
A semi-solid substance that is applied to the skin and is used for variety of purposes, including cosmetics, therapeutics, and prophylaxis
18
Q
Prophylaxis
A
Measures designed to preserve health and prevent the spread of disease
19
Q
Ointment
A
A thick substance, usually containing medicine, that is put on the skin where it is sore or where there’s an injury, in order to cure it
20
Q
Lotion
A
A non-oily liquid that is applied externally to the body surface or any external orifice, often used as a topical treatment for skin or nail fungal infections
21
Q
Transdermal patch
A
A medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream
22
Q
Medication aide
A
A healthcare worker whose main task is administering medication’s to residence in a long-term care facility
23
Q
Long-term care facility
A
A facility in which residents live and are able to receive 24 hour skilled care
24
Q
Documenting
A
Keeping a record of care provided
25
PRN
Abbreviation meaning “as needed“
26
Person centered care
A type of care that places the emphasis on the person needing care and their individuality and capabilities
27
Liability
A legal term that means someone can be held responsible for harming someone
28
Scope of practice
Defines the tasks that healthcare providers are legally allowed to do as permitted by state or federal law
29
Nursing process
An approach to providing effective care for a resident on an ongoing basis: involves assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation
30
What is the purpose of the “assessment” portion of the nursing process?
To identify actual or potential problems by reviewing multiple sources, typically: medical history, physical assessment, and environment
31
What is the purpose of the “diagnosis” portion of the nursing process?
Identify health problems after assessing the resident’s needs
32
What is the purpose of the “planning” portion of the nursing process?
Setting goals and creating a care plan in line with the resident’s preferences
33
What is the purpose of “implementation” portion of the nursing process?
Putting the care plan into motion
34
What is the purpose of the “evaluation” portion of the nursing process?
Monitoring progress and results of a care plan
35
How often does a licensed nurse need to be on duty at a long-term care facility?
24 hours a day
36
How often does a registered nurse need to be on duty at a long-term care facility?
Seven days a week, eight hours a day
37
What are some common signs of confusion in a resident?
Personality changes, such as: anger, depression, and irritability
38
Confusion can be…
Permanent or temporary
39
When a resident is confused, it interferes with:
Their ability to make decisions
40
Common causes of confusion…
Low blood, sugar, head, trauma, or injury, dehydration, nutritional problems, fever, sudden drop, and body temperature, lack of oxygen, medication, infections, brain, tumor, diseases, or illnesses, loss of sleep, seizures, UTI
41
What type of environment should you provide when a resident is confused?
Come and quiet, speaking in a lower tone of voice
42
If a client is confused, you should not…
Leave the client alone
43
If a client is confused, you should encourage the use of…
Glasses and hearing aids
44
What items should you not leave out with a client who is experiencing confusion?
Cleaning or personal care items
45
What are some ways you can help a client cope with experiencing confusion?
Introduce yourself each time you see the client, remind the client of the location and date, explain what you were going to do using simple instructions, talk about plans for the day, and promote self-care and independence
46
Delirium
State of severe confusion that occurs suddenly
47
How long does delirium last?
It is usually temporary
48
Common causes of delirium?
Infections, disease, fluid, imbalance, poor nutrition, and drugs and alcohol
49
What are the symptoms of delirium?
Agitation, anger, depression, irritability, disorientation, trouble, focusing, problems with speech, changes in sensation and perception, changes in consciousness, and decrease in short-term memory
50
What is the goal of treatment?
To reverse the cause
51
Cognition
The ability to think logically and clearly
52
Cognitive impairment
The loss of ability to think clearly and logically. Concentration and memory are affected
53
What can help those who are suffering with cognitive impairment?
Writing down names and phone numbers
54
Dementia
Serious progressive loss of mental abilities such as thinking, remembering, reasoning, and communicating
55
What is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly?
Alzheimer’s disease
56
Vascular dementia
A series of strokes, causing damage to the brain
57
What is another name for vascular dementia?
Multi-infarct dementia
58
Lewy body dementia
Abnormal structures called “Lewy bodies” that develop in areas of the brain and cause symptoms
59
What are Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease?
Imperative diseases in the brain that cause nerve cells to waste away
60
What type of skills are kept the longest when a person is suffering from Alzheimer’s disease?
Older skills
61
What are the three stages of Alzheimer’s disease?
Mild, moderate, and severe
62
How should you approach someone with Alzheimer’s disease?
From the front
63
What should you do if a client is not understanding you?
Ask them to repeat you
64
What are some effective modes of communication when dealing with a client who suffers from Alzheimer’s disease?
Signs, gestures, pictures, or written words
65
What is Alzheimer’s disease?
Tangled nerve fibers and protein deposits in the brain that cause dementia
66
Alzheimer’s disease is…
Irreversible
67
What kind of cues should you watch for when you are communicating with a client who suffers from Alzheimer’s disease?
Nonverbal cues, such as use of the: eyes, hands, and face
68
When should you schedule bathing for a client? Who is suffering from Alzheimer’s disease?
When the client is least agitated
69
What type of foods work best for clients who are suffering from Alzheimer’s disease?
Finger foods
70
What type of plates should you use for a client who is suffering from Alzheimer’s disease?
Plain, with no pattern
71
What is a good way to keep a client preoccupied while they are being given a bath?
Allow them to hold a washcloth
72
QD
Every day/once a day
73
BID
twice a day
74
TID
Three times a day
75
QID
Four times a day
76
Q4H
Every four hours
77
AC
Before meals
78
AC
Before meals
79
PC
After meals
80
HS
at bed time or nighttime
81
PO
by mouth
82
IM
Intramuscular (such as a flu shot/injection)
83
IV
intravenous
84
SC or SQ
Subcutaneous
85
Subcutaneous
Injection into fat tissue (NOT muscle)
86
SL
Sublingual
87
DX
diagnosis
88
HX
Medical history
89
AX
assessment
90
TX
treatment
91
RX
Prescription
92
OD
Eye
93
OS
Left eye
94
OU
Both eyes
95
Perrla
Stands for: pupils, equal, round, reactive to light, accommodating
96
Cap
Capsule pill
97
Tab
Tablet pill
98
NPO
Nothing by mouth
99
Att
Drops (eye drops)
100
T
Temperature
101
P
Pulse
102
R
Respiration rate
103
BP
Blood pressure
104
SpO2/O2
Oxygen saturation levels
105
DNR
Do not resuscitate
106
SOB
Shortness of breath
107
VSS
vital signs stable
108
NAI
No apparent injuries
109
LLQ
Lower left quadrant
110
LUQ
Left upper quadrant
111
RLQ
Right lower quadrant
112
RUQ
Right upper quadrant
113
DM
Diabetes
114
N/V
Nausea and vomiting
115
BM
Bowel movement
116
CXR
Chest x-ray
117
CBP
Capillary blood glucose
118
Drug absorption
When a drug enters the bloodstream
119
Bioavailability
The proportion of a drug or other substance which enters the circulation when introduced into the body and so is able to have an active effect
120
Drug metabolism
The process by which the body breaks down drugs
121
What setting are prescriptions typically given to patients?
Outpatient settings, and are typically taken to a pharmacy to fill
122
Where are medication orders typically used?
Long-term care and inpatient settings – they are made by a doctor or other qualified practitioner, and the medications are usually prepared, packaged, and delivered by a pharmacy
123
What type of medical orders should CMAs not receive?
STAT orders
124
What does MAR stand for?
Medication administration record
125
MARs are…
A permanent part of a resident’s medical record detailing all medications the resident receives
126
eMAR
Electronic version of patient’s MAR
127
Opioid
A type of controlled medication used to treat pain
128
Dispense
To provide a prescribed medication
129
Countback balance
In a controlled substance, the amount of a drug and storage before it is dispensed
130
Forward balance
In a controlled substance count, the amount of a drug remaining after it has been dispensed
131
Objective information
Information based on what a person sees, hears, touches, or smells… Also called signs
132
Subjective information
Information that a person cannot or did not observe, but is based on something reported to the person that may or may not be true… Also called symptoms
133
Anaphylactic reaction
A dangerous allergic reaction to a medication or other substance – may cause swelling of the lips, tongue, and throat that can obstruct the airway, also called anaphylaxis
134
Hypertensive emergency
Systolic blood pressure greater than 180 mm or diastolic blood pressure greater than 120 mm HG
135
Are nurse practitioners authorized to order medications?
Yes
136
Convert
In medication administration, to change the amount of a medication from one measuring system to another
137
Metric system
A system of measurement, based on the meter, the kilogram, and the liter – preferred for scientific and healthcare use
138
Household measurements
A system of measurements that use the yard, the pound, and the fluid ounce – should not be used to measure medications
139
Apothecaries system
One of the oldest systems of measurement – was once used to measure medications, but now rarely used
140
How is weight typically measured in the household system?
Ounces and pounds
141
How is length typically measured in the household system?
Inches, feet, yards, and miles
142
How is volume typically measured?
Drops, teaspoons, and tablespoons
143
Clinical trials
Testing performed on patients during the development of of a new medication
144
Dosage range
The maximum and minimum doses to achieve the desired effects of a drug
145
When is a dosage range determined for a medication?
During clinical trials
146
Toxicity
In medication administration, a poisoning effect caused by too high dose or from an adverse reaction
147
Therapeutic dose
A dose of medication that has the desired effect on the patient
148
What are the four phases a drug goes through when it enters the body?
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
149
What are the four phases a drug goes through when it enters the body?
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
150
What does a drug interact with as it moves throughout the body?
Receptors
151
Receptors
Parts of cells that receive chemical information
152
When during the distribution phase do side effects occur?
When the molecule binds to receptors that are not the target tissues or the intended site of action
153
Local
In pharmacology, describes an effect that occurs at the location on the body where the drug has touched
154
Systemic
In Pharmacology, describes an effect that occurs throughout the body systems, tissues, or organs
155
Class
In pharmacology, a category or type of drug
156
Some side effects are local, such as…
Pain or irritation at the site of injection, oral thrush related to inhaled corticosteroids
157
Some side effects are systemic, such as…
Hypertension, edema, hyperglycemia, reduced calcium in the blood
158
Adverse drug reaction
A negative reaction to a drug, may be known and predictable to the person taking the drug, or unique
159
Idiosyncratic drug reaction
A type of reaction that cannot be predicted and is not related to the dose or to the known effects of the drug
160
Allergic reaction
A situation in which the bodies immune system overreacts to a substance that would normally not cause an immune response
161
What is another term for an allergic reaction?
Hypersensitivity
162
Paradoxical reaction
A type of drug reaction that occurs when a drug causes the opposite effect of what is expected
163
Why are side effects mostly predictable?
They are tested and based on clinical trials
164
Adverse reactions can be…
Predictable or unpredictable
165
Side effects relate to…
Unintentional effects on non-targeted parts of the body
166
Adverse reactions may relate to…
The intended effect of the drug
167
What is an example of an adverse reaction?
Excessive bleeding in a person taking anticoagulants
168
Idiosyncratic drug reactions are…
Not common
169
How long does it take allergic reactions, or hypersensitivity, to show in a patient?
Within seconds of exposure, or up to 30 minutes after administration
170
What should be administered during anaphylaxis?
Epinephrine, or an EpiPen injection
171
What is an example of paradoxical reactions?
Anti-anxiety medications increasing anxiety
172
What are some mild to moderate symptoms of an allergic reaction?
Rash, hives, runny nose, or watery eyes
173
Pharmacology
The branch of medicine that studies the uses and effects of drugs
174
Efficacy
In pharmacology, the success of a drug in improving health
175
Side effects
Changes caused by a medication that do not relate to its intended purpose
176
Pharmacodynamics
The study of how drugs are processed by the body
177
Clinical effect
The effect of a drug on a specific person
178
Administer
In pharmacology, the process of giving a drug to a person
179
Absorption
In pharmacology, how a drug moves from where it is administered in the bloodstream- refers to the transfer of nutrients from the intestines to the cells
180
Distribution
In pharmacology, how a drug moves from the bloodstream to the tissues of the body
181
Metabolism
In pharmacology, how a drug is broken down by the body
182
Excretion
In pharmacology, how a drug exits the body
183
Pharmakon
Drug
184
“Ology”
The study of a particular subject
185
What are the purposes of pharmacology?
1. Discovering and developing new medications 2. Improving the efficiency of medications 3. Reducing the unwanted side effects 4. Understanding drug addiction
186
5 purposes of medication
1. To cure, 2. Treat an illness or condition, 3. Treat symptoms of an illness or condition, 4. Prevent, 5. Diagnose
187
What is an example of curing an illness?
Antibiotics
188
What is an example of medications that treat an illness or condition? (NOT cure)
Medications for hypertension, high cholesterol, and many mental health disorders
189
Hypertension/high blood pressure
A medical condition that occurs when the pressure in your blood vessels is too high
190
Examples of medications that treat SYMPTOMS of an illness or condition or condition?
Medications such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen do not cure an illness but can provide relief by symptoms caused by an illness
191
Medications to prevent illnesses
Vaccinations are medications that prevent a person from an illness…the influenza vaccine is a common example
192
Medications that diagnose an illness?
These medications may be administered by a number of different routes, and many of them are used to improve imaging (X-ray, for example) of certain body parts
193
Aerosol
A fine mist or spray containing particles suspended in gas
194
Drops
A very small amount of liquid, given by a dropper
195
Elixir
A clean, thin flavored liquid, often containing alcohol
196
Spray
A liquid pushed through the air in tiny drops; may be sprayed into nose or onto another part of the body
197
Solution
A solid, liquid, or gas dissolved in liquid
198
Suspension
A liquid mixture containing drug particles that are not completely dissolved; must be shaken before administered
199
Syrup
A medication in a solution of sugar, or other sweetener, and water, with or without flavor
200
Tincture
An extract, usually of plant material, dissolved in alcohol
201
What are some ADVANTAGES of liquid medication?
Ease of swallowing and rapid digestion and absorption
202
What are some CHALLENGES of liquid medication?
Proper storage, measuring, administration
203
What are some CHALLENGES of liquid medication?
Proper storage, measuring, administration
204
Tablet
A form of medicine pressed into a hard pill
205
Scored
For medication, marked with a groove to make splitting easier
206
Dosage
The amount of medication to be taken at one time
207
Enteric coated tablet
A tablet coated in a thin film that protects it from stomach acids, allowing it to pass through the stomach before becoming active
208
Film coated tablet
A tablet coated with a thin film to mask an undesirable taste for easier swallowing
209
Chewable tablet
A tablet meant to be chewed and swallowed
210
Oral disintegrating tablet
A tablet that dissolves in the mouth without chewing
