CM Module 1 Flashcards
Who was an early protester of the aviation industry and why?
The railroad industry accused the US Army of creating a monopoly to move US Mail, and Congress acted with the Air Mail Act of 1925 and later the Kelly Act to allow the US mail delivery to be contracted leading to commercial air mail services.
What is an early first principle of the airport industry?
Aviation should pay for itself
What were the origins of the first airline passenger terminals?
Fixed-based operators were establisehd in the 1920s and 1930s to accommodate long cross country flights where pilots would have to stop for fuel and rest up to 25 times flying across the country.
Who were among the first US airlines?
PanAm, American, United, Delta, TWA, Northwester, Eastern, American Braniff
What act of Congress was the cornerstone of the US’ first civil aviation regulation?
The Air Commerce Act of 1926 was passed at the insistence of aviation leaders of the time.
Describe the lead up to the FAA and what was governed.
Commerce Dept established the Aeronautics Branch (AB) which was charged with fostering air commerce, issuing/enforcing air traffic rules, licensing pilots, certifying aircraft, establishing airways and maintaining nav aids. AB turned into the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) which divided itself again with the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) CAA had oversight for ATC, pilot and aircraft certification, safety enforcement, and airway development; CAB had oversight over making safety rules, accident investigation, and economic regulation of the airlines
What were the origins of AAAE?
10 directors meeting in 1928 at the National air races in LA - by 1954 the first accreditation standards were adopted.
How did CAB with one of its charges to regulate airline economics lead to the 1970s deregulation of the airline industry and what were the ramifications?
Despite the supporters in the airlines themselves, unions, and safety advocates, the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 was passed resulting in an open market of airline and cargo fares and airlines determining their own routes. This also resulted in the Hub and Spoke model, exemplified by FedEx, and was a nod to the FAA’s roots in the Dept of Commerce, who’s original charge was to foster air commerce.
What was the scope of WPA’s work by the late 1930’s and an early airport industry principle shaped by FDR’s Works Progress Administration?
WPA established 852 airports by 1939, but only 50% was paid for by the USG, leading to the cost share concept.
How did a WWII era appropriation lead to more airport development?
The Development for Landing Areas for National Defense (DLAND) appropriation allowed the Department of War, Dept of Commerce, and Dept of the Navy to buy land for airports (986 additional airports) of which 500 were later declared surplus and handed over to civil authorities on the conditions they were made public and without discrimination, and reserved for the USG in case of emergency.
What post WWII act of Congress and subsequent program was established to continue airport development?
The Federal Aid to Airports Act (1946) created the Federal Aid to Airports Program (FAAP) that provided grants for mostly runway and taxiway development, however airports needed to be listed in the National Airport Plan (NAP) to be eligible for grant money.
What was a foundational principle and condition of airport management regarding grant money that was derived from the FAAP?
In exchange for accepting federal grant money, airports promise to keep airports public without discrimination - known as Sponsor or Grant Assurances.
How did a mid 50’s air accident lead to the creation of the FAA?
After a 1956 mid-air between a TWA and United flight over the Grand Canyon killing 128 people, Congress responded with increased funding for ATC controllers and the creation of the Federal Aviation Agency, which later changed to the Federal Aviation Administration and brought in under the DOT in 1966.
How did a 1970s act of Congress lead to modern Part 139 Airport Certification?
In 1970, the Airport Airway and Development Act was paired with the Planning Grant Program to fund airport infrastructure projects and develop airport master plans/master systems respectively creating standards that are captured in Title 14 FAR, Part 139 Certification of Airports
What 1970s/1980s congressional Acts led to today’s Airport Improvement Program (AIP) grants and what important airport development principle did it underscore?
In 1970, the Airport and Airway Revenue Act created the Airport and Airway Trust Fund collecting fees from different parts of aviation community to help research and develop infrastructure projects and modernize the ATC system. The 1982 Airport and Airway Improvement Act (AAIA) reorganized the National Airport Plan into the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS). This re-enforced the idea that only those who use aviation should pay for it.
What primary event led to the creation of the TSA?
The 9/11 attacks on the United States led to increased aviation security requirements and the creation of the Transportation Security Agency.
What is the background and purpose of the NexGen Air Transport System?
Authorized by the Vision 100 - Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act, NexGen relies on emerging GPS technologies to make air travel safer, more secure, and more efficient.
What are the four major categories of airport stakeholders and examples of each?
Government (FAA, TSA, CBP, ICE, FPS), Aeronautical (SASOs e.g. flight schools, repair shops, air charter), Non-aeronautical (vendors, contractors, tenants, rental car, parking, industrial parks), local community (passengers, air cargo shippers, surrounding developments, etc)
What are some of the revenue sources that airlines generate for an airport?
concessions, commercial vehicle access fees, parking lot, rental car, landing fees, gate and ticket counter fees, administrative, hangar rental space.
What is a FBO and what services can it provide?
A fixed based operator is a terminal for private and charter aircraft operations and can provide fueling, hangaring, tie down and parking, aircraft maintenance, and flight instruction.
What is an important rule regarding fuel services?
Under sponsor assurances, a sponsor must allow tenants to operate their own fueling operation if they wish to.
What is the difference between a SASO and a FBO?
Special Aviation Service Operators provide a single specialty service (e.g. MRO, repair station, charter operators, commercial hangar rental, aircraft sales, avionics repair, gliding, sky diving, firefighting, med transport, helicopter tours, etc) while a FBO provides a range of services.
What is the nature of Fixed Fleet Operators?
They run charter operations or air taxis under Part 135 for non-scheduled commercial flight, packaging the rental of the entire aircraft, crew, and support services vs. selling an individual seat.
How does an air management service work?
Charter companies manage the lease and maintenance of private aircraft for owners, usually taking about a 20% fee from the revenue generated.
How does fractional ownership work?
Operators sell fractions of the total number of hours an aircraft can fly each year (e.g. 25 hour blocks). This is considered a type of private operation and is governed by Part 91.
How do jet card programs work?
Providers sell blocks of retail flight time for a specific type or class of aircraft.
How does an on demand charter (ie broker work?)
Providers do not own aircraft but function a broker for aircraft owners on a per flight basis .
How do cargo feeders work?
Charters who carry passengers and cargo or just cargo, assist the major shipping operators such as FedEx, UPS, DHL
What is MRO and how is it governed?
Maintenance Repair Overhaul provides a gamut of mx services across a range of aircraft type, and is governed by FAR Part 145 Repair Station Operators and TSR Part 1554 Aircraft Repair Station Security.
What are the applicable regulations that govern flight training?
FAR Part 61 Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, Ground Instructors is less regimented, and is instructor centric, while FAR Part 141 Pilot Schools which covers classroom, flight schools and certification requirements.
________reduce FBO profitability but are allowed by the FAA.
Private fuel farms
What percentage of business to consumers e-parcel commerce are carried by air?
90%
What are the top three airline passenger markets worldwide?
China - 34%, Europe 26%, USA 22%
What is the ratio of active pilots to GA aircraft in the US?
About 1:3 (about 610,000 pilots to 213000 aircraft)
How does the NPIAS work?
The National Plan for Integrated Airport Systems is a five-year projection published every two years to identify airports with eligible development projects that are necessary to provide a safe, efficient, and integrated system of national airports. In 2019, NPIAS identified 3,328 airports eligible under the AIP grants.
What are some top level stats about number of airports in the US?
There are about 19,000 airports, of which about 5,000 are public and 14,000 are private. Of those public airports, about 60% are eligible for NPIAS. There are about 500 commercial service airports.
How can an airport be included in the NPIAS?
Can be public or private, but must be a commercial service airport with at least 2,500 enplanements / yr, or FAA designated GA reliever, receives air carrier transport where a FBO or freight forwarder is under contract to deliver US Mail, a public use airport where the Guard or Reserve operate aircraft at or adjacent to the airport. And the exception to the above criteria - may be included if an airport is part of the state’s airport system or serving a community more than 30 minutes from the nearest NPIAS airport, or forecast to have 10 or more aircraft and a sponsor is willing to take on ownership of the airport.
How does the FAA measure airport activity?
Enplanements (pax boards an aircraft) Operations (takeoff, landing, or aircraft in the instrument pattern), Cargo tonnage (landed weight used for design planning).
What are the five types of airports in the US?
Private, commercial service, cargo service, general aviation, military
Which is the busiest airport in the US and world?
Atlanta-Hartsfield - 800,000 operations / yr and 45,000,000 emplaned / yr.
What are the categories of commercial service airports?
Primary - 10,000 or more enplanements / yr and non-primary - at least 2,500 enplanements / yr
What regulation governs commercial service airports?
FAA Part 139
What classifies large hubs and how do they figure into the overall enplanement stats?
Large hubs serve at least 1% of the overall enplanements. Put together, large hubs account for 70% of all enplanements in the US.
What classifies medium hubs, and how do they figure into overall enplanements?
They serve .25-1% of overall enplanements and account for 17% of all enplanements in the US.
What classifies small hubs, and how do they figure into overall enplanements?
They account for .05 - .25% of overall enplanements and 9% of all enplanements in the US.
What classifies non hub primary and do they figure into overall enplanements?
Non hub primary account for less than .05% of overall enplanements, but at least 10,000 enplanements per year, and together non hub primary airports account for 3% of all enplanements in the US.
What are the characteristics of a non primary hub?
A non primary hub is a commercial service airports and can be a GA reliever or GA airport with regularly scheduled flights and between 2,500 and 10,000 enplanements per year.
How would you describe a GA airport, how do they interact with NPIAS, and how important are they to the nation?
An airport with no scheduled commercial service or less than 2,500 passenger enplanements per year. GA airports may be listed as an NPIAS if they have a significant number of aircraft (at least 10) and they are least 20 miles away from the nearest NPIAS airport. GA airports which host on average 29 aircraft per airport, in total, host 36% of the nation’s total number of aircraft.
What are some benefits of GA airports?
Emergency preparedness and response (firefighting, medevac, disaster relief) , access to remote communities, air cargo and air taxi services, commercial, industrial, and agricultural activities, low orbit space launch, special events, and special aeronautical activities, flight instruction, aircraft storage, aerospace engineering and research.
How does an airport gain FAA designation as a GA reliever airport?
It’s a high capacity airport in a major metro area with 100 or more based aircraft or at least 25,000 itinerant operations per year.
What are the five categories of GA airports and their characteristics?
GA National - supports international flights with most sophisticated aircraft, business flights and fractional ownership is common
GA Regional - in/near metro areas with interstate flying, charter and jet operations,
GA Local - form the backbone of GA, mostly piston aircraft supports personal and business needs, flight training, usually within a state or immediate region
GA Basic - usually just one runway or helipad connecting the community to the national airport system.
GA unclassified - most have been in the NPIAS for years / decades but have seen a decline in use and have begun to be repurposed for other industries.
What is the difference between a joint use and shared use airport?
A joint use airport is owned by the DoD and portions of the airport and leased out to civilian entities, while shared use airports are at least partially owned by a civilian entity.
How are cargo service airports characterized?
In addition to other commercial services, cargo service airports handle aircraft dedicated to only cargo and received over 100 million lbs of landed weight per year.
How are flight operations governed world-wide and why is it important?
The Internationsl Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) helps ensure aviation operations are conducted in a consistent manner with a common vocabulary and principles among pilots, aviation systems, and airport operators.
Regarding flight regulations, what are the two main categories of operations and how do they differ?
Private and Commercial flight operations - they differ when a person or company starts charging for a flight.
What are the dual meanings of Part 91?
Part 91 is commonly associated with private flight operations, but governs both the general operating of flight rules in US airspace (whether private or commercial) AND used to describe private flight operations.
In commercial operations, what is the difference between a direct air carrier and an indirect air carrier?
A direct air carrier owns the aircraft it operates, while an indirect air carrier contracts for cargo or passenger service but does not own the aircraft.
What are the 4 main FAA Parts that govern commercial operations?
Title 14, CFR Part 119 - identifies the basic requirements for operators carrying passenger and/or cargo.
Title 14 CFR Part 121, Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental Operations for air carrier
certification for scheduled passenger flights
Title 14 CFR Part 135, Operating Requirements: Commuter and On Demand Operations and Rules Governing
Persons On Board Such Aircraft (i.e., air charter or air taxi)
Title 14 CFR Part 380, Public Charters (i.e., when an airline leases15 a plane to a resort company like Apple Vacations
to use the plane to fly its members to a destination).
What is a scheduled air operation?
A scheduled air carrier operation is conducted under 14 CFR Part 121 and provides a schedule containing the
departure location, departure time and arrival location of the flights offered
What is a significant FAR stipulation for operations conducted under Part 121?
That operations must be conducted to FAR Part 139 Certified Airports.
What are some exceptions of Part 121 operations that allow operations at other than Part 139 airports?
Emergencies, training, ops outside of the US or in Alaska, aircraft operating with between 9 and 31 seats,
What are some differences between Part 121 and Part 135 operations?
Part 135 ops are usually not regularly scheduled, pilots need 250 hours of total time and a commercial pilot certificate, while Part 121 pilots need 1,500 hours and an airline transport certificate.
What is a public charter and what Part is it governed by?
A one way or round trip flight conducted by one or more direct air carriers and sponsored by a charter operator.
What is the threshold between Part 91 and Part 125 operations?
If a private aircraft has more than 19 seats or is over 6,000 lbs cargo capacity, it must be operated under Part 125 rules.
What are some parameters associated with VFR?
Ceiling and vis is usually 1000 and 3, pilots can use “see and avoid” techniques, VFR stops at 18,0000 MSL, pilots don’t necessarily need to be on a filed flight plan.
What are some parameters associated with IFR?
All operations 18,000’ MSL and higher must be IFR and a flight plan must be filed,
What is the altitude delineation between victor routes and jet routes?
18,000’ MSL and above are jet routes.
What is ATIS, how often is it updated, and by who?
The automated terminal information service is updated hourly by ATC.
What is the term for the specialized procedures pilots use to arrive and depart along with instrument approaches at airports?
Terminal Instrument Procedures (TERPS)
Why are DPs and STARS important?
Departure Procedures and Standard Terminal and Arrival Procedures standardize routes for pilots and controllers and are more efficient because pilots do not have to repeat back the instructions to controllers each time they are issued.
A visual runway approach can be made when?
When ATC authorizes it, ceiling is greater than 1000’ and vis is at least 3 miles.
In feet, what does a standard 3 deg glideslope equate to and what is the obstacle clearance at the FAF and over the runway threshold?
1 foot descent for every 20 feet, 700 feet and FAF an 50 feet at the threshold
How does the FAA define a sponsor?
any public agency or private owner of a public-use airport as defined by the Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982.
Who are the strategic leaders of an airport?
The sponsors (appointed or elected officials)
Who are the tactical operatives at an airport?
Airport executives and their staff
What are some regulatory examples of Federal Airport Operating requirements?
Part 139 (certification of commercial service airports), Part 1542 (airport security), Part 77 (obstructions), and Part 150 (noise abatement), many airports operate under grant assurances, FAA Advisory Circulars, FAA Orders,
TSA Security Directives, environmental laws, eminent domain, avigation easements, industry best practices, and case law
surrounding issues such as noise abatement and airline use agreements
What is a challenging aspect or duality of airports with regard to their management and what is an “enterprise fund”?
Airports can be considered both a public utility and a business enterprise. An enterprise fund is a government branch that operates as a business.
How does the FAA guide airports to be as self-sustaining as possible?
FAA Airport District Offices (ADOs) and regional airports divisions provide guidance to airport sponsors to ensure their rate fees and scheduled conform to grants guidelines.
What is a critical component of an airport executives roles regarding the community?
To promote and communicate the importance of aviation and its benefits to the local community .
How does an airport as a stand alone enterprise differ from traditional municipal entities?
Airports can charge user fees for services rendered, make speculative investments, and form public-private partnerships.
What are the nine basic types of airport sponsor structures?
Municipality, Airport Authority, Port Authority ( board also oversees other agencies such as transportation services), State-owned, Federal, Joint City or Joint State, District or Commission, Private-owned - public use, Private-owned - private use (not eligible for NPIAS grants.
How did most airport sponsor structures develop and what are the most common types?
About two thirds of airports have their roots in the transfer of land from the federal level making municipalities the most common sponsor structure followed by authority and state.
What are two disadvantages of a municipal owned airport?
A municipality may consider the airport just another department and not provide enough resources or realize that an airport should operate as an enterprise fund and its proceeds should only be fed back into the airport. Also the airports needs may be in conflict with the municipality’s needs e.g. the municipality may want to sell or zone land around an airport for a housing development which may solve a housing problem but create more encroachment issues for the airport.
What 3 questions can help determine the power and efficacy of an airport authority?
1) Who controls appointments to the airport authorities governing body? 2) Does the authority have total control over its budget, contracts, capital improvement projects, and personnel decisions? 3) Does the authority have eminent domain and the power to levy taxes?
For an airport authority what is the difference between an airport authority board and an airport commission?
They are essentially the same, however a an airport commission maintains its ties to the municipality.
What are three advantages of an airport or port authority?
1) They can bring focused leadership and specialized attention to a significant community asset. 2) they can provide insulation from political influences and political change 3) they can serve communities better by providing representation and/or equitable taxation not normally available through political boundaries.
What are the four primary reasons that municipalities create airport authorities?
1) airport market or service areas have outgrown their political boundaries 2) authority control allows members to concentrate on airport business matters 3) authorities can provide on-scene decisions and shorten the decision cycle - also helps to insulate from political influences 4) authorities can provide representation in multiple jurisdictions
What is a major implication of airport privatization with regard to airport sponsorship?
The private operator becomes the airport sponsor and becomes responsible for seeking airport grants and is directly responsible to the FAA for grants compliance.
How has Congress incentivized airport operators to consider privatization?
Congress approved the Airport Investment Partnership Program (AIPP) which relieves operators from having to repay federal grants, return federal lands, and having to use the proceeds for airport purposes.
What is Grant Assurance 25, Airport Revenue and how does it relate to AIPP?
Grant Assurance 25, Airport Revenue specifies that airport revenue can only be used for airport purposes. AAIP relieves airport operators from that requirement. The mere privatization of airport management functions does not automatically provide relief (i.e. must be part of AIPP).
Name several aspects of a day in the life of an airport executive.
Ensure an airport safety, security, efficiency, maintain facilities, ensure aircraft and passenger flow, prepare financial plans and budgets, enforce rules and regulations, oversee planning and construction projects, secure funding and revenue streams.
Regardless of its organization, what is the airport manager’s primary duty?
To provide safe, secure, and efficient operation of the airport and its facilities.
What are the four primary areas of airport management?
1) Finance and Administration 2) Planning and Engineering 3) Operations, Security, and Maintenance 4) Marketing, Public Relations, and Air Service Development
What is Title 14, CFR Part 77?
Safe, Efficient Use and Preservation of the Navigable Airspace
What is Title 14, CFR Part 107?
Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems
What is Title 14, CFR Part 139?
Certification and Operations: Land Airports Service Certain Air Carriers
What is Title 14, CFR Part 150?
Airport Noise and Compatibility Planning
What is Title 14, CFR Part 151?
Federal Aid to Airports
What is Title 14, CFR Part 152?
Airport Aid Program
What is Title 14, CFR Part 156?
State Block Grant Program
