CM Flashcards
Practice of examining urine for diagnostic purposes
Urinalysis
Urine organic substances
Urea
Creatinine
Uric acid
Glucose
Proteins
Hormones
Vitamins
Metabolized medications
Urine inorganic substances
Chloride
Sodium
Potassium
Sulfate
Phosphate
Ammonium
Calcium
Magnesium
Nondissolved substances in urine
Bacteria
Crystals
Casts
Mucus
Various cells
Two bean shaped organs located under the diaphragm on either side of the aorta, in the posterior, upper abdominal region
Kidney
Muscular tube that connects the pelvis of the kidneys to the bladder
Ureter
Urine is stored in the ____ until excretion through the ____
Bladder; urethra
Cavity area that is an expansion of the ureter
Renal pelvis
Functions to collect urine from the calyces for transport from the kidney to the ureter
Renal pelvis
Two regions of kidney
Cortex and medulla
Region of the kidney that is comprised of the renal corpuscles and the PCT & DCT of the nephron
Cortex
Region of the kidney that is comprised of the Loops of Henle and the collecting tubule
Medulla
Functional unit of kidney
Nephron
Tuft of capillaries that lie in a tubular depression called Bowman’s capsule.
Glomerulus
Carries blood into the glomerulus
Afferent arteriole
Carries blood away the glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
Main function of this is to filter the blood
Glomerulus
In order to for, and excrete urine, three processes function together
Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption ajd tubular secretion
Process by which filtered water, ions and molecules leave the tubules for return to the blood via the peritubular capillaries
Reabsorption
The process by which a substance from the blood is transported across the wall of the tubule into the filtrate
Secretion
Responsible for most of the reabsorption and secretion that occurs in the tubules
Proximal convuluted tubule
Limitation as to how much solute can be reabsorbed
Renal threshold
Renal threshold
160-180 mg/dL
Part of LOG that reabsorbs water
Descending LOH
Part of LOH that reabsorbs Na and Cl
Ascending LOH
Reabsorption of water is controlled by
Antidiuretic hormone
Reabsorption of sodium and water and secretion of potassium and hydrogen
Aldosterone
Final site for water reabsorption to make urine more dilute
Collecting duct
Catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
Renin
Stimulates the production of angiotensin II
Angiotensin I
Angiotensin II regulates renal blood by
Constriction of renal arterioles
Secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal glands to facilitate retention of sodium
Where renin is secreted
Juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys
Acts on the kidneys by promoting the reabsorption of Na+ from the filtrate into the blood ans secretion of K into the filtrate
Aldosterone
Promotes water reabsorption from the filtrate into the blood
Antidiuretic hormone
Primarily affects the reabsorption of water from the DCT and CD
Antidiuretic hormone
Promotes Ca+ reabsorption from the filtrate into the blood and excretion of phosphate ion from the blood into the filtrate
Parathyroid hormone
Inflammation of the glomerulus seen in children and young adults; characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, WBCs and casts
Acute glomerulonephritis
More serious acute glomerulonephritis that may result in renal failure
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal interstitium that may be caused by an allergic reaction to medication; characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, WBCS (eosinophil) and WBC casts
Acute interstitial nephritis
Thickening of the glomerular capillary walls and basement membrane; characterized by hematuria and proteinuria
Membranous glomerulonephritis
May be caused by renal blood pressure irregularities; characterized by proteinuria (>3.5g/24hr), hematuria, lipiduria, oval fat bodies, renal tubular EC, and epithelial, fatty and waxy casts
Nephrotic syndrome
Affects a specific number of glomeruli, not the entire glomerulus; often seen in HIV patients
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Results in a long term progressive loss of renal function
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Another name for Chronic glomerulonephritis
Berger disease
An infection of the renal tubules caused by a urinary tract infection; characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, WBCs, bacteria, and WBC and bacterial casts
Acute pyelonephritis
Chronic infection of the tubules and interstitial tissue that may progress to renal failure
Chronic pyelonephritis
Tubular necrosis caused by nephrotic agents and other disease processes, resulting in a failure of the kidneys to filter blood
Renal failure
What are the Renal tubular reabsorption tests
Osmolality
Specific gravity
Osmolar/ free water clearance
Tests used to detect early renal disease
Renal tubular reabsorption tests or Concentration tests
Measures the amount of solute dissolved in a solution
Osmosis
Depends on the solute dissolved in a solution and the density of this solute
Specific gravity
Evaluate renal concentrating ability, monitor the course of renal disease and monitor fluid and electrolyte therapy
Osmalality and Specific Gravity
Used in the diagnosis of various types of diabetes mellitus;measures renal clearance of solutes and substance free water
Osmolar/ Free water clearance
What are the secretion tests
Tubular secretion or renal blood flow test
What is used in renal blood flow test
P-aminohippuric acid
Used to assess renal waste removal and solute reabsorbing abilities
Glomerular test
Decreased clearance test indicates what
Compromised kidney function
Another term for glomerular test
Clearance test
Used to assess glomerular filtration rate
Creatinine
Specimen of choice for creatinine clearance
24-hr timed urine
Reference ranges of creatinine clearance for male and female
Males: 105+-20mL/min 1.73m2
Females: 95+-mL/min 1.73m2
Clearance test that uses only a blood creatinine and the MDRD formula
Estimated glomerular filtration rate
What are the MDRD
Correction for gender and race
Results only reported as a number if <60mL/min/1.73m2
