CLST 103 EXAM REVIEW Flashcards
februa (meaning)
purification
It was the duty of the _______ to look after the calendar, to make any necessary adjustments.
pontifices (pontifex maximus)
Kalendae/kalends
- 1st of every month
- comes from the word calare (to proclaim)
For latin prose writers, no other writer can match the contribution of the roman statement, ______
Marcus Tullius Cicero
Idus/Ides
- mid-month
- March, july, october, may, the Ides fall on the 15th day
In all other months, the Ides were on the 13th
Nonae/Nones
- between the kalends and the ides
- In march, july, october, may the Nones were on the 7th
In all other months, the nones were the 5th.
The bishops of rome or the popes use the title _______
pontifex maximus
In each Roman month, the pontifices determined on which days you could do legal/political business and on which days you could not.
- The days where you could do those things were called Fasti
- Days when you could not do those things were called Nefasti
The basic symbols/numerals to know are
I, V, X, L, C, D, and later M
- The first three are hand-related, the third last and the last are the first letter of the words, centum and millie
- M represents millie, or a thousand happened later. Before the change, the romans used the greek letter phi or Φ
If Φ equaled 1000, then half of that symbol or D, came to represent 500.
During Cicero’s consulship, a bankrupt patrician, ________ attempted a revolution in Rome.
L. Sergius Catilina
Forensic, meaning “pertaining to legal matters”, comes from the latin word_______
Forum
In Cicero’s “In Verrem” speech of 70 BC, he prosecuted _______ former governor of Sicily, on the charge of extortion.
Gaius Verres
Dupondius
two asses, literally two pounds
Sestertius
- 2 and a half asses
- made of brass
- 28 pounds
In order to be a roman senator under augustus, you had to have a property evaluation of ________
1,000,000 sesterces
as
- bronze at first, later copper
- The earliest as was bronze and it weighed one roman pound (or a libra) or 330 grams. Our pound is 454 grams.
The english word “agriculture” comes from two latin words ________
“agri cultura”, a phrase which means “the cultivation of the land”.
The latin word ______ can mean land or property, but it can also mean someone’s farm.
ager
Among the most important christian writers of the western roman empire are:
- Tertullian
- Ambrose of Milan
- St. Augustine
study the use of propaganda and deception in history and literature
historiography
Virgil was noticed by maecenas, after he had written and published ________ a collection of pastoral poems.
The Eclogues
‘The Aeneid’ was about how the latin people were descended from Trojans, led by ________, a prince of Troy, who had escaped the destruction of Troy by the Greeks.
Aeneas
Virgil modeled his epic, The Aeneid, after the two epic poems of _______
Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey.
Vergil used the same meter used by the Greek epic poet Homer, __________ for his latin epic.
dactylic hexameter
- Dactylic hexameter is also called “heroic meter”
The Aeneid has ____ books (chapters), and of these, the first ____ books were about ______’ journey or odyssey from Troy to Italy.
12, 6, Aenea
Aeneas founded one Latin city, though his son, _____, founded ________________
Lulus; Alba Longa, the birthplace of Romulus.
_______was the purported ancestor of the Julian family, into which family Augustus had been adopted posthumously by Julius Caesar.
Lulus
Approximate salaries for romans
1 cent
approximate salaries for secretary, lecturuer, messenger, haruspex, legionary, praetorian, legionary centurion:
in order: 15, 12, 9, 10, 20, 60, 300
Ianuarius was named for ______, the god of doorways and beginnings.
Janus
In each Roman month, the pontifices determined on which days you could do legal/political business and on which days you could not.
The days where you could do those things were called _______
Days when you could not do those things were called _______
Fasti; Nefasti
In 1876, queen victoria received the title empress of India, __________
Imperatrix indiae
For the enduring influence of the roman empire, its successor, the __________ was at first a powerful state but over the centuries, it was weakened by the growth of other states
Holy Roman Empire
One way Spartacus was remembered with the _________, which were sponsored by the soviet union.
Spartakiad(e) Games
________ - visored helmet, long shield (scutum), short sword (gladius), shin guard (ocrea)
Helmet (galea)
Murmillo
long shield
scutum
short sword
gladius
shin guard
ocrea
helmet
galea
captured (in war?)
captivi
slave
servus; serva
manservant
anculus
handmaid
ancilla
slave born at home
verna (vernaculus, vernacula??)
property
mancipium
Our word “slave” comes from medieval latin _________the same word as Slav.
Sclavus
latin for freedman and freedwoman
Libertus; Liberta
Bread in modern romance languages:
French - pain
Italian - pane
Spanish - pan
Portuguese - pão
Romanian - pâine
The 3 most important crops:
1) wheat/barley
2) Grapes
3) Olives
The plebeians were especially devoted to the goddess ________
Ceres
The _______ began as officials who looked after the _____ or shrine of ceres.
plebeian aediles; adeas
greek bakers
pistores
bread
panis
The grain supply was called the ______ which means “yearly”
Annona
The prefect of the grain supply - ___________, managed the shipment and distribution of Rome’s grain supply.
Praefectus Annonae
While wine from certain parts of Italy was still highly valued, wine from _______ and southern gaul (__________) came in higher demand during the early imperial period.
Baetica; Gallia Narbonensis
Our word “oil” comes from the latin word _______ or _______, which means olive oil.
oleum; olivum
olive
oliva
_______ became a major source of olive oil production during the early empire
Baetica
_____today produces about 50% of olive oil in the world.
spain
jug/vessel
testa
The final product was transported in _________and then shipped to Rome and elsewhere.
Amphorae
What is called today ________ was Rome’s garbage dump for _______
Mount Testaccio; amphorae
The modern ________ is roughly the same site as the Gardens of Lucullus.
Villa Borghese
The modern Villa Borghese is roughly the same site as the ________. The gardens were built by _________, who was a military commander in Asia.
Gardens of Lucullus; Lucius Licinius Lucullus
Made up of over 50 million jugs or vessels, the hill, also called _________ or Mountain of Sherds, reaches 150 feet high.
Monte dei Cocci
The greatest surviving building from antiquity is the __________
Pantheon
Another famous domed building is _________ in what used to be Constantinople, today ________
Hagia Sophia; Istanbul
An adjustment to the dome, which was round, was the ______, which was more cup-shaped.
cupola
The major national languages are:
italian, french, spanish, portuguese, romanian
regional languages derived from latin:
1) Sardinian, Sicilian in Italy
2) Provencal, Occitan in France
3) Catalan (Catalonia) in Spain, Andorra
4) Romans(c)h in Switzerland, Ladin in n. Italy
The standard form of French is that which was spoken in paris. In much of western France (_________) and the south (________), the dialect/language was fairly different.
Aquitaine; Provence
Caesar had been warned by a _________, named Spurinna, to “beware the danger, that he would not live beyond the Ides of March.”
haruspex
Cicero’s four speeches against Catilina, ______________, are preserved today and are regularly taught in latin classes as examples of latin rhetoric.
Orationes in Catilinam
In Cicero’s Pro Fonteio speech of 69 BC, he defended ________, former governor of Transalpine Gaul, on the same charge.
M. Fonteius
In a trial in 80 BC, Cicero defended a man, ________________, on a charge of murdering his father _________.
Sextus Roscius from Ameria; Pro Roscio Amerino
Besides Cicero’s forensic speeches, he wrote works on:
1) Philosophy and Religion - De Amicitia; De Natura Deorum
2) Politics and the Roman Constitution:
a) De Re Publica;
b) De Legibus;
c) Pro Lege Manilia
Contained in the De Re Publica, toward the end of the work, was a subsection called __________ or The Dream of Scipio
Somnium Scipionis
The Dream of Scipio was about a vision that __________ had of his adoptive grandfather, __________, telling him about his destiny
Scipio Aemilianus; Scipio Africanus
After Caesar’s assassination, which cicero supported after the fact, he delivered and published speeches against mark antony which were called _________
philippics.
The speeches were called Philippics, because they were modeled after the speeches against King Philip of Macedonia by the Athenian orator, _________.
Demosthenes
Julius Caesar and his historical commentaries
1) De Bello Gallico - a commentary of his time in northern Gaul from 58 - 52 BC, in which he, as a military commander, annexed the country into the Roman Empire.
2) De Bello Civili - a commentary on the Civil Wars against his political enemies in Rome
Other Roman writers contemporary with cicero and caesar:
1) Gaius Valerius Catullus, a lyric poet, b. Verona in northern Italy
2) L. Lucretius Carus, Epicurean poet, De Rerum Natura
Augustus promoted his ideas by - he assigned one of his chief advisers, a knight from ________ in Tuscany, named ________
Arretium (Arezzo); Gaius Maecenas
The bust of maecenas, found in Arezzo - in arezzo, he is known by the italian form of his name, _______
Mecenate
the most important of the contemporary roman writers were(?):
1) Publius vergilius Maro or Virgil
2) Quintus Horatius Flaccus or Horace
3) Titus Livius or Livy
Since Aeneas was the son of ________, who was the daughter of Jupiter, and since Augustus was a descendant of ______, the son of Aeneas, the emperor was descended from Jupiter!
Venus; Lulus
Denarius, struck on the order of ________, of _____on the obverse: on the reverse, Aeneas carries his father, ________ and the family ______.
Julius Caesar; Venus; Anchises; Lares
Virgil thought his ________was imperfect, so he wrote in his will that it be destroyed after he died. That final wish was overruled by Augustus.
Aeneid
Horace, like Virgil, came from a town outside of Rome, though Horace came from southern Italy, from the town of _______, today called ______
Venusia; Venosa
The earliest work by Horace was his “________”.
Satires
________was considered by Romans to be their own literary invention.
Satire
Horace is most famous for his “______”, in Latin “________”, lyric poems that secured his position as one of Rome’s greatest poets.
Odes; Carmina
Canadian actor, John Ireland, played _______.
Crixus
retiarius
a net, a trident, arm guard
net
rete
arm guard
manica
Samnite
like a murmillio, but a different helmet
Samnite
like a murmillio, but a different helmet
secutor
like murmillones and samnites, but a different galea (helmet)
essedarius
fought from an essedum or chariot
death
thanatos
Among the most famous liberti were the advisers of the emperor claudius:
1) Narcissus - chief of staff, speech writer
2) Pallas - claudius’ finance minister
Latin words for a family farm are _____and _______
ager; fundus
A ________, was a wide farm or a plantation.
- could have hundreds of slaves on site.
latifundium
For those who worked in the _______or in the mines (______), there was little hope of freedom or manumission.
latifundia; fodinae
One reason why _________ pressed for land reform was because he realized that the large estates and the thousands of slaves had become a national security issue.
Tiberius Graccus
What began as a rebellion in a plantation of 400 or so slaves, grew to 70,000 as other slaves joined. One leader, ______, was from Syria; the other,________, was from Cilicia
Eunus; Cleon
Enna, where it began, is today called ___________. Its nickname is the ______of Sicily.
Castrogiovanni; ombelico
When the last slave stronghold ______ fell, the surviving 20,000 were crucified, the method of execution for criminals who were not citizens.
Enna
________was a Thracian slave there and he became friends with a Gaul named _______.
Spartacus; Crixus
cherry
Cerasus
persian apple or a peach
Malum persicum
apricots
prunus armeniacus
Although oranges were first cultivated in the far east, our word comes from sanskrit _______.
naranga (spanish keeps the form in naranja, italian - ariancia, french - orange)
The place name in southern France,__________, is not related to the fruit or the color. It is derived from the pre-roman name of the town ________.
Orange; Arausio
Picking the grapes, then pressing the grapes (_________- the juice from the pressing), and lastly the wine-making (fermenting) process were all labor, i.e. slave, intensive.
mustum
Undiluted wine was called _______, but normally what people considered _______ was watered down.
merum; vinum
The drink of the poor was called “_______”. It was inexpensive, watered-down vinegar.
posca
A politically dangerous roman pun ____________ (Augustus’ successor, emperor Tiberius) → _______________ (translation-drunkard, hot with wine)
Tiberius Claudius Nero; Biberius Calidus Mero
grapes
uvae
berry
bac(c)a
apple
malum/mala
aureus
roman gold coin
Although there had been gold coins in rome during the republic, it was julius caesar who standardized the weight and value of an aureus to:
100 sestertii or 25 denarii
Some examples of great wealth:
1) M. Licinius Crassus, who was worth 200 million sesterces
2) L. Annaeus Seneca, 300 million
The cap or _______ was one worn by a freed slave
pilleus
The daggers (_____) were the instrument used that day
sicae
Under the emperor _________, the aureus was replaced with the _______.
Constantine; solidus
The aureus was ___ grams, while the solidus was ____ grams.
8; 4.5
In modern italian, the word for cash, “______”, comes from the word solidus.
soldi
With regard to salaries of the Romans, we know that under Augustus, ordinary soldiers serving in the army made ____________
225 denarii a year or 900 sesterces or 9 aurei.
During the reign of Domitian, the salary of a soldier was raised to:
300 denarii a year or 12 aurei
To be recognized among the business class of ancient Rome, the ________or the knights, you needed property that was equal to ________ sesterces.
equites; 400,000
The S C found on roman coins was an abbreviation for ___________
Senatus Consulto
one roman pound
libra
