CLS: Echocardiogram

Question 1

What is the formula for ejection fraction?

Answer 1

Stroke volume/end diastolic volume x100

stroke volume- left ventricular end diastolic- left ventricular end systolic

Question 2

What is Bernoulli equation?

Answer 2

To calculate pressure gradient= 4x (peak velocity)^2

Question 3

What is a normal pulmonary artery pressure?

Answer 3

systolic- 20-30mm Hg
diastolic 8-15

Question 4

What is a normal pulmonary artery wedge pressure?

Answer 4

8-12 mmHg

Question 5

What is ePLAR?

Answer 5

ePLAR is pulmonary to left atrial ratio

helps to distinguish between pre-capillary and post-capillary pulmonary HTN

0.28 is cut off. <0.28 post-capillary, >0.28 pre-capillary

Question 6

True or false. Strain can be used in place of ejection fraction

Answer 6

True

Question 7

List some parameters to assess LV diastolic function

Answer 7

• Mitral inflow velocity (E?A)
• Mitral annular velocities (septal and lateral e’)
• E/e’ (average)
• TR velocity
• LA indexed volume

Question 8

What E/e’ ratio suggests elevated left atrial pressure?

Answer 8

> 15

Question 9

What is the diagnostic criteria for HF?

Answer 9

Symptoms and or signs caused by a structural and/or functional cardiac abnormality
 EF <50
 Abnormal cardiac enlargement
 E/E’ >15
 Moderate/severe ventricular hypertrophy
 Moderate/severe valvular obstructive or regurgitant lesion

AND needs to have one of the following
 Elevated natriuretic peptide levels
 Objective evidence of cardiogenic pulmonary or systemic congestion by diagnostic modalities such as imaging (CXR or echo) or haemodynamic measurement (right heart catheterisation, PA catheter) at rest or provocation