Cloud Native Architecture

Question 1

What are the six characteristics of Cloud Native Architecture?

Answer 1

1) High level of automation
2) Self-healing
3) Scalable
4) Cost-efficient
5) Easy to maintain
6) Secure by default

Question 2

What primary metrics determine if an application needs to be autoscaled?

Answer 2

CPU and memory

Question 3

Fill in the blank.

_________ scaling spawns new compute resources, whereas ________ scaling changes the size of the underlying hardware (e.g., increasing memory capacity on a VM).

Answer 3

1) Horizontal
2) Vertical

Question 4

Fill in the blank.

__________ is where developers provide the application code, and the cloud provider chooses the right environment to run the application.

Answer 4

Serverless

Question 5

Under the Open Container Initiative (OCI), what are the names of the two standards that define how to build and run containers?

Answer 5

image-spec and runtime-spec

Question 6

What are the five open standards for containers under the Linux Foundation?

Answer 6

OCI Spec, Container Network Interface (CNI), Container Runtime Interface (CRI), Container Storage Interface (CSI), Service Mesh Interface (SMI)

Question 7

What does the OCI Spec define?

Answer 7

Image, runtime, and distribution specification on how to run, build, and distribute containers

Question 8

What does the Container Network Interface (CNI) define?

Answer 8

A specification for how to implement networking for containers

Question 9

What does the Container Runtime Interface (CRI) define?

Answer 9

A specification on how to implement container runtimes in container orchestration systems

Question 10

What does the Container Storage Interface (CSI) define?

Answer 10

A specification on how to implement storage in container orchestration systems

Question 11

What does the Service Mesh Interface (SMI) define?

Answer 11

A specification on how to implement Service Meshes in container orchestration systems with an emphasis on Kubernetes

Question 12

What are the seven Cloud Native roles?

Answer 12

1) Cloud Architect
2) DevOps Engineer
3) Security Engineer
4) DevSecOps Engineer
5) Data Engineer
6) Full-Stack Developer
7) Site Reliability Engineer (SRE)

Question 13

What is the responsibility of the Cloud Architect?

Answer 13

Adoption of cloud technologies, designing application landscape and infrastructure, with a focus on security, scalability, and deployment mechanisms

Question 14

What is the responsibility of the DevOps Engineer?

Answer 14

Use tools and processes that balance software development and operations, starting with approaches to writing, building, and testing software through the software development lifecycle

Question 15

What is the responsibility of the Security Engineer?

Answer 15

Cloud Security

Question 16

What is the responsibility of the DevSecOps Engineer?

Answer 16

Combines the roles of the DevOps Engineer and Security Engineer; they often build bridges between traditional development and security teams

Question 17

What is the responsibility of the Data Engineer?

Answer 17

Collecting, storing, and analyzing vast amounts of data in large systems, which can include provisioning and managing specialized infrastructure, as well as working with that data

Question 18

What is the responsibility of the Full-Stack Developer?

Answer 18

Frontend and backend development, as well as infrastructure essentials

Question 19

What is the responsibility of the Site Reliability Engineer (SRE)?

Answer 19

The primary focus is to maintain reliable and scalable software by using software engineering approaches to solve operational problems and automate operation tasks. To measure performance and reliability, SREs use three main metrics: Service Level Objectives (SLOs), Service Level Indicators (SLIs), and Service Level Agreements (SLAs). SREs may use these metrics to define an error budget.

Question 20

What is a Service Level Objective (SLO)?

Answer 20

“Specify a target level for the reliability of your service.”

An SLO is a goal that is set. For example, reaching a service latency of less than 100 ms.

Question 21

What is a Service Level Indicator (SLI)?

Answer 21

“A carefully defined quantitative measure of some aspect of the level of service that is provided.”

For example, how long a request needs to be answered.

Question 22

What is a Service Level Agreement (SLA)?

Answer 22

“An explicit or implicit contract with your users that includes consequences of meeting (or missing) the SLOs they contain. The consequences are most easily recognized when they are financial – a rebate or a penalty – but they can take other forms.”

Answers the question about what happens if an SLO isn’t met.

Question 23

What is an error budget?

Answer 23

An error budget defines the amount (or time) of errors your application can have before actions are taken, like stopping deployments to production.

Question 24

What are the primary responsibilities of the CNCF’s Technical Oversight Committee (TOC)?

Answer 24

1) Defining and maintaining the technical vision
2) Approving new projects
3) Accepting feedback from the end-user committee
4) Defining common practices that should be implemented in CNCF projects

Question 25

What are the three levels of CNCF project maturity?

Answer 25

Sandbox, incubating, graduated

Question 26

How many votes must a project receive to be incubated or graduated, and what is it called?

Answer 26

A project must receive a 2/3rd majority vote to be incubated or graduated, called a supermajority.