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Clostridia L5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Are clostridium species gram positive or gram negative?

A

Gram positive

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2
Q

Are clostridium species rods or cocci?

A

Rods

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3
Q

Can clostridium species survive in aerobic conditions?

A

No- they’re obligate anaerobes.

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4
Q

Are clostridium species spore forming?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What is the typical shape of clostridium species?

A

Drumstick shape or Grama’s slippers.

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6
Q

What is the clostridium species responsible for Tetanus?

A

C. tetani

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7
Q

What is the clostridium species responsible for Botulism?

A

C. botulinum

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8
Q

What toxaemia group are C. tetani and C. botulinum?

A

Neurotoxic

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9
Q

What clostridium species is enterotoxic, how many types does it have and what one is relevant in NZ?

A

C. perfringens
Types A, B, C, D, E
In NZ Type D causes disease.

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10
Q

Are clostiridal disease contagious?

A

No

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11
Q

What do clostridium species play an important role in?

A

Putrefaction

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12
Q

What are the 4 common histotoxic clostridium species?

A

C. chauvoei
C. novyi
C. septicum
C. sordelli

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13
Q

What are the hosts for histotoxic clostridium species?

A

Cattle, sheep, humans, horses

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14
Q

What are the common hosts for C. tetani?

A

Humans, horses and pigs are highly susceptible. Cattle, sheep, dogs, cats and goats are less susceptible.

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15
Q

What are the hosts for enterotoxic clostridium species?

A

Humans, sheep, cattle

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16
Q

What type of paralysis does C. tetani cause?

A

Rigid paralysis

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17
Q

What type of paralysis does C. botulinum cause?

A

Flaccid paralysis

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18
Q

What is the neurotoxin that causes the clinical signs of Tetanus?

A

Tetanospasmin

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19
Q

When is tetanospasmin released?

A

When the bacteria lyse, such as during spore germination or during vegetative growth.

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20
Q

Where does tetanospasmin toxin act?

A

CNS- peripheral nerve terminals, spinal cord, the brain and the sympathetic nervous system.

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21
Q

How does tetanospasmin act?

A

Blocks inhibitory impulses by interfering with the release of neurotransmitters.

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22
Q

How many phases are there of clinical disease with tetanus?

A

4 phases

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23
Q

What phase of clinical disease with tetanus causes constricted pupils, tight lips, erect ears, inability to open its jaws sunken eyes and/or sensitivity to light?

A

Phase I

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24
Q

What phase of clinical disease with tetanus causes erect tail, sawhorse stance, difficulty swallowing, walking stiffly and with difficulty?

25
What phase of clinical disease with tetanus causes muscle tremors or spasms, inability to walk and seizures?
Phase III
26
What phase of clinical disease with tetanus can possibly have HR below 60bpm or HR above 140bpm, high BP or low BP or respiratory arrest?
Phase IV
27
What is the treatment of tetanus?
Controlling muscle spasms, stopping toxin production, and neutralizing the effects of the toxin. Tetanus immune globulin (passive immunisation) Large doses of antibiotics to stop toxin production.
28
What type of immunization is provided by annual tetanus toxoid vaccine?
Active immunisation.
29
What are the hosts for C. botulinum?
Humans and animals. (not zoonotic)
30
How is C. tetani acquired?
Penetrating wounds that heal over creating an anaerobic environment.
31
How is C. botulinum acquired?
Food-borne.
32
What form produces the toxin for C. botulinum?
Vegetative form
33
Where are C. botulinum present?
Intestinal tract, soil, freshwater and marine sediments throughout the world.
34
What are common clinical presentations for Botulism?
``` Cattle: Acute form- sudden death Subacute form- stiff gait, ruminal atony, ataxia, sternal recumbency, dropped head, saliva drools, tongue stays out to side when pulled. Birds: Twisted neck, dropped head. ```
35
What preventions are there for botulism?
Prevention of decomposing rodent/bird carcasses in the feed. Immunization of at-risk animals using type-specific toxoid. Addition of food additives (nitrates) and stringent production processes prevent spore germination in food.
36
What clostridium species causes black leg?
C. chauvoei
37
What clostridium species causes malignant oedema?
C. septicum C. novyi C. sordelli
38
What clostridium species causes black disease?
C. novyi (Type B)
39
How do C. chauvoei get into the host to cause disease. And what disease it cause?
Spores are ingested and transported via macrophage to tissues. Blackleg
40
How do spores of C. chauvoei come out of dormancy?
The muscle has to be damaged creating an anaerobic environment. Germination causes toxin production- toaxaemia.
41
What age group of animals is likely to be affected by black leg?
Well conditioned, fast-growing <2 year old animals.
42
What are the signs an animal has died from blackleg?
Sudden death. Lying on side with affected limb extended. On PM muscles have areas of black.
43
What are clinical signs of Malignant oedema?
A large, cold swelling, that pits. | Pyrexia (fever), dullness, inappetence.
44
Where is malignant oedema located on an animal?
In the connective tissues.
45
What is the origin of malignant oedema?
Exogenous - puncture wounds that have sealed over creating an anaerobic environment.
46
What are clinical signs of Black Disease?
Rapid onset of disease, depression and reluctance to move, +/- abdominal pain. Absent rumen sounds. Death within 48 hours
47
What is black disease associated with?
Liver fluke
48
How does liver fluke lead to black disease?
Causes damage in liver causing an anaerobic environement. So if they have ingested C. novyi and it was transported to the liver, they can replicate in the anaerobic environment.
49
What causes Enterotoxaemia (Pulpy Kidney) and Gas Gangrene?
C. perfingens
50
What is Enterotoxemia Type D referred to as?
"Classic" overeating disease. | Pulpy Kidney Disease
51
Is Pulpy Kidney Disease the most common sheep disease in the world?
Yes
52
What animal (species, age/growth) does Enterotoxemia commonly strike?
Sheep. | Largest, fastest growing lambs in the flock.
53
What causes Enterotoxemia?
It is caused by a sudden change in feed that causes the organism to proliferate causing a toxic reaction.
54
What are the clinical manifestations of Enterotoxemia?
Sudden death particularly if consuming high concentrate rations. Lambs over 1 month age.
55
What cause the Pulpy Kidneys of Enterotoxemia?
Autolysis of the kidney.
56
What findings are there in the rumen and guts of an animal with Enterotoxemia?
Plenty of grain in rumen. | Haemorrhagic enteritis.
57
How can we control Clostridial Diseases?
Vaccination with multivalent vaccine. | Convexin-10 or '5 in 1'
58
What does clostridial vaccines contatin?
Antigens (toxoids)
59
When should sheep be vaccinated for clostridial diseases?
Replacement ewes at weaning and booster 4-6 weeks. | Booster prior to lambing.

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