Cloning & Biotechnology Flashcards

1
Q

How to take a cutting to clone a plant

A
  1. Use a healthy shoot
  2. Cut the stem @ a slant
  3. (Between nodes), dip in rooting powder / hormone
  4. Place in soil / compost & add water
  5. Cover with a plastic bag & remove some leaves to reduce transpiration
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2
Q

Extra tips for cutting (of plants)

A
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3
Q

Natural cloning examples

A
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4
Q

Steps of the production of artificial clones of plants by micropropagation & tissue cultures

A
  1. Take a small sample of tissue from the plant you want to clone e.g. meristem tissue from shoot tips
  2. Sterilise the sample e.g. by immersing it I’m bleach / ethanol
  3. The explant (material removed from the plant) = placed in a sterile culture medium, containing a bunch of plant hormones e.g. auxins / cytokinins to stimulate mitosis

These cells proliferate, forming a callous (mass of identical cells)

  1. The callus is divided + individual cells / clumps from it are transferred from, there to a new culture medium, to develop tiny, genetically identical platelets
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5
Q

Pros & cons of artifical cloning in plants

A
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6
Q

How does natural cloning occur in plants e.g. identical twins!

A
  • an egg is fertilised by a sleep, so the zygote formed, which undergoes all cell cycles -> forms embryos
    Sometimes:
  • embryo splits in two: these form two identical embryos with the same genotype & develop in the uterus
    Result = identical offspring, so same gender & phenotype
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7
Q

How do non identical twins form

A

From separate eggs & sperm, therefore not considered clones

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8
Q

What are the two ways needed to produce clones in animals

A

Artifical twinning e.g. in cattle
Somatic cell nuclear transfer

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9
Q

What are the steps in artificial twinning

A
  1. Individual cow with desirable traits = treated with hormones so she ‘superovulates’, releasing more mature ova than normal
  2. Ova fertilised normally, or via artificial inseminations & early embryos are gently flushed out of uterus
  3. Cells still totipotent -> cells of the early embryo are split to produce several smaller embryo
  4. Each split embryo grown in lab for days, then implanted into a surrogate mother
  5. Embryos develop into fetuses & are born normally: identical clone produced by different mothers
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10
Q

What are the steps to somatic cell nuclear transfer

A
  1. Nuclear removed from a somatic cell of an adult animal
  2. Nucleus removed from adult somatic cell is placed into the enucleated ovum & given a mild electric shock, so it fuses & begins to divide
  3. Embryo that develops = transferred to a 3rd animal -> then it develops to them
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11
Q

What is enucleation

A

Nucleus removed from a mature ovum harvested from a different female animal of the same species

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12
Q

Pros & cons of cloning

A
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13
Q

Why are microorganisms used in biotechnology

A
  • economic considerations: can be grown on industrial scale
  • short life cycle = reproduce quick
  • growth requirements:
    -> food cheap & readily available
    -> occupy very little space
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14
Q

Common processes using biotechnology: bacteria & fungus

A
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15
Q

Pros & cons of using micro-organisms in food

A
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16
Q

Examples of asceptic techniques

A
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17
Q

Culturing method steps

A

1) Pour sterile agar into petri dish, cover w/ lid & leave to cool
2) Sterilise inoculating loop in the Bunsen burner flame
3) remove the plug & flame neck of culture tube
4) take a sample from the culture tube, & wipe on agar
5) tape the petri dish lid & incubate

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18
Q

How to check antibiotic efficacy

A
  • pre soak paper discs in diff antibiotic solutions
  • spread the bacteria on the surface of a sterile agar plate
  • lightly press the paper discs into the surface & keep the agar plate in the incubator every night
19
Q

Two more types of fermentation

A

Batch & continuous

20
Q

What is batch fermentation

A

Micro-organisms are grown in batches in the fermentation vessel
Once the culture cycle is complete, the product is removed, the fermenter cleaned & new batch grown
- closed culture

21
Q

What is continuous fermentation

A

Microorganisms are continually grown & products are harvested
Nutrients are added & waste is removed throughout the culturing

22
Q

Factors to be controlled in batch & continuous fermentation & why

23
Q

Batch versus continuous

25
What are the 3 ways of measuring populations of micro-organisms
Direct counting Viable counting Turbidity
26
What’s direct counting
Samples of both living & dead cells to count individual micro-organisms
27
What’s viable counting
Living cells only: culture micro-organism samples to count the colonies that grow
28
What’s turbidity
Measure the living & dead micro-organisms by taking an absorbance reading using a colorimeter -> it’s how cloudy the suspension is
29
Population growth curve of micro+organisms
Log scale benefit = allows for a wide range of values to be displayed
30
What’s happening in the lag phase
Length of phase depends on conditions Reproduction slow as population acclimatises to space
31
What’s happening in the log phase
High availability of resources increasing & lots of space = exponential growth: low death rate, quick reproduction, no competition, lots of enzymes made
32
What happens in the stationary phase
Stationary = carrying capacity reached therefore population = max, as resources can’t support any more Death rate = reproduction via binary fission
33
What happens in the death phase
Lack of nutrients & resources Toxic substance build up, therefore death rate > reproduction rate
34
Factors affecting growth of micro-organisms
Temp PH Nutrient availability
35
Practical tips on how to count bacteria with agar
36
How to control each factor when checking microorganisms growth (pH,temp,nutrients)
37
What are immobilised enzymes
An enzyme attached to an insoluble material to prevent mixing with the product
38
Why are enzymes immobilised for use in industrial processes
Means it can be reused in future processes
39
How can enzymes be immobilised
40
Advantages of using immobilised enzymes
41
Disadvantages of using immobilised enzymes
42
Industrial applications of immobilised enzymes
43
Industrial applications of immobilised enzymes