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Module 6 > Cloning & Biotechnology > Flashcards

Cloning & Biotechnology Flashcards

1
Q

How to take a cutting to clone a plant

A
  1. Use a healthy shoot
  2. Cut the stem @ a slant
  3. (Between nodes), dip in rooting powder / hormone
  4. Place in soil / compost & add water
  5. Cover with a plastic bag & remove some leaves to reduce transpiration
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2
Q

Extra tips for cutting (of plants)

A
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3
Q

Natural cloning examples

A
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4
Q

Steps of the production of artificial clones of plants by micropropagation & tissue cultures

A
  1. Take a small sample of tissue from the plant you want to clone e.g. meristem tissue from shoot tips
  2. Sterilise the sample e.g. by immersing it I’m bleach / ethanol
  3. The explant (material removed from the plant) = placed in a sterile culture medium, containing a bunch of plant hormones e.g. auxins / cytokinins to stimulate mitosis

These cells proliferate, forming a callous (mass of identical cells)

  1. The callus is divided + individual cells / clumps from it are transferred from, there to a new culture medium, to develop tiny, genetically identical platelets
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5
Q

Pros & cons of artifical cloning in plants

A
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6
Q

How does natural cloning occur in plants e.g. identical twins!

A
  • an egg is fertilised by a sleep, so the zygote formed, which undergoes all cell cycles -> forms embryos
    Sometimes:
  • embryo splits in two: these form two identical embryos with the same genotype & develop in the uterus
    Result = identical offspring, so same gender & phenotype
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7
Q

How do non identical twins form

A

From separate eggs & sperm, therefore not considered clones

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8
Q

What are the two ways needed to produce clones in animals

A

Artifical twinning e.g. in cattle
Somatic cell nuclear transfer

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9
Q

What are the steps in artificial twinning

A
  1. Individual cow with desirable traits = treated with hormones so she ‘superovulates’, releasing more mature ova than normal
  2. Ova fertilised normally, or via artificial inseminations & early embryos are gently flushed out of uterus
  3. Cells still totipotent -> cells of the early embryo are split to produce several smaller embryo
  4. Each split embryo grown in lab for days, then implanted into a surrogate mother
  5. Embryos develop into fetuses & are born normally: identical clone produced by different mothers
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10
Q

What are the steps to somatic cell nuclear transfer

A
  1. Nuclear removed from a somatic cell of an adult animal
  2. Nucleus removed from adult somatic cell is placed into the enucleated ovum & given a mild electric shock, so it fuses & begins to divide
  3. Embryo that develops = transferred to a 3rd animal -> then it develops to them
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11
Q

What is enucleation

A

Nucleus removed from a mature ovum harvested from a different female animal of the same species

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12
Q

Pros & cons of cloning

A
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13
Q

Why are microorganisms used in biotechnology

A
  • economic considerations: can be grown on industrial scale
  • short life cycle = reproduce quick
  • growth requirements:
    -> food cheap & readily available
    -> occupy very little space
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14
Q

Common processes using biotechnology: bacteria & fungus

A
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15
Q

Pros & cons of using micro-organisms in food

A
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16
Q

Examples of asceptic techniques

A
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17
Q

Culturing method steps

A

1) Pour sterile agar into petri dish, cover w/ lid & leave to cool
2) Sterilise inoculating loop in the Bunsen burner flame
3) remove the plug & flame neck of culture tube
4) take a sample from the culture tube, & wipe on agar
5) tape the petri dish lid & incubate

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18
Q

How to check antibiotic efficacy

A
  • pre soak paper discs in diff antibiotic solutions
  • spread the bacteria on the surface of a sterile agar plate
  • lightly press the paper discs into the surface & keep the agar plate in the incubator every night
19
Q

Two more types of fermentation

A

Batch & continuous

20
Q

What is batch fermentation

A

Micro-organisms are grown in batches in the fermentation vessel
Once the culture cycle is complete, the product is removed, the fermenter cleaned & new batch grown
- closed culture

21
Q

What is continuous fermentation

A

Microorganisms are continually grown & products are harvested
Nutrients are added & waste is removed throughout the culturing

22
Q

Factors to be controlled in batch & continuous fermentation & why

A
23
Q

Batch versus continuous

A
24
Q

N =

A
25
Q

What are the 3 ways of measuring populations of micro-organisms

A

Direct counting
Viable counting
Turbidity

26
Q

What’s direct counting

A

Samples of both living & dead cells to count individual micro-organisms

27
Q

What’s viable counting

A

Living cells only: culture micro-organism samples to count the colonies that grow

28
Q

What’s turbidity

A

Measure the living & dead micro-organisms by taking an absorbance reading using a colorimeter
-> it’s how cloudy the suspension is

29
Q

Population growth curve of micro+organisms

A

Log scale benefit = allows for a wide range of values to be displayed

30
Q

What’s happening in the lag phase

A

Length of phase depends on conditions
Reproduction slow as population acclimatises to space

31
Q

What’s happening in the log phase

A

High availability of resources increasing & lots of space = exponential growth: low death rate, quick reproduction, no competition, lots of enzymes made

32
Q

What happens in the stationary phase

A

Stationary = carrying capacity reached therefore population = max, as resources can’t support any more
Death rate = reproduction via binary fission

33
Q

What happens in the death phase

A

Lack of nutrients & resources
Toxic substance build up, therefore death rate > reproduction rate

34
Q

Factors affecting growth of micro-organisms

A

Temp
PH
Nutrient availability

35
Q

Practical tips on how to count bacteria with agar

A
36
Q

How to control each factor when checking microorganisms growth (pH,temp,nutrients)

A
37
Q

What are immobilised enzymes

A

An enzyme attached to an insoluble material to prevent mixing with the product

38
Q

Why are enzymes immobilised for use in industrial processes

A

Means it can be reused in future processes

39
Q

How can enzymes be immobilised

A
40
Q

Advantages of using immobilised enzymes

A
41
Q

Disadvantages of using immobilised enzymes

A
42
Q

Industrial applications of immobilised enzymes

A
43
Q

Industrial applications of immobilised enzymes

A

Module 6 (7 decks)

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