Cloning (biotechnology)

Question 1

What are 3 types of cloning?

Answer 1

Gene Cloning, Therapeutic Cloning, and Reproductive Cloning

Question 2

What is the aim of Gene Cloning?

Answer 2

Copy genes (segments of DNA)

Question 3

What is the aim of Therapeutic Cloning?

Answer 3

Clone cells for an organ or tissue

Question 4

What is the aim of Reproductive Cloning?

Answer 4

Reproduce a whole organism

Question 5

The process of Gene Cloning

Answer 5

1) DNA is taken from an organism with genes of interest.
2) DNA and bacteria plasmids (vector) are cut into pieces using restriction enzymes and are combined in a test tube together.
3) The desired gene is inserted into the plasmid using heat shock.
4) The bacteria grows colonies (gene library).
5) The gene library is screened for the gene of interest.

Question 6

The process of Therapeutic Cloning

Answer 6

1) The nucleus of a cell (typically skin) is inserted into a fertilised egg with its nucleus removed.
2) The egg divides repeatedly, forming a blastocyst.
3) The stem cells from the blastocysts are extracted and used to grow new cells.

Question 7

The process of Reproductive Cloning

Answer 7

1) A mature somatic cell is removed from an animal.
2) The DNA is inserted into an oocyte (egg cell) whose nucleus has been removed.
3) This is achieved by:
- Removing DNA of the somatic cell with a need and injecting it into the empty oocyte.
- Fusing the whole somatic cell and empty oocyte together through electric current.