Cloning and Biotechnology Flashcards
explain why plants are more able to form natural reproductive clones than animals.
1 (most) plant cells retain ability to differentiate /
totipotent ;
2 plants have , meristems / meristematic tissue ;
3 idea that plant cells can de-differentiate and then
differentiate into a different cell type;
4 (most) animal cells are , differentiated /
not totipotent / not pluripotent /
only able to differentiate into the
same type(s) of cell /
are multipotent;
State one advantage and one disadvantage of using clones to test a treatment for a disease.
advantage (genetically identical so) all react the same or genetic variable controlled ; disadvantage expensive (to produce) or don’t see varied response to drug like in real populations (of mice) or idea that clones (of mice) may have unknown health issue (which would affect responses) ;
Outline two potential applications of adult cell cloning.
1 idea to produce , elite / best , animals ;
2 idea to save / preserve , endangered animals ;
3 grow / produce (spare) , stem cells / tissues / organs ;
explain why ethanol is considered to be a primary metabolite of yeast.
ethanol is
produced in , all yeast growth phases / all of the time
or
production of ethanol increases as yeast population increases
or
idea that ethanol is a normal (metabolic waste) product
(of yeast) ;
Ethanol is an important chemical that is manufactured on a large scale.One large-scale process to produce ethanol uses biotechnology, with yeast acting on sugar in a fermenter.Another large-scale process uses a chemical method instead of microorganisms. This method needs:
• ethene (obtained from oil)
• a high temperature of 300 °C
• high pressure steam.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using yeast to make ethanol rather than using the chemical method.
advantages of using yeast
A1 less energy required ;
A2 does not need ,
high temperature / 300o
C / high pressure ;
A3 can use waste material (as a substrate) ;
A4 substrate is , sustainable / grown each year ;
A5 process does not use up , oil reserves / fossil fuels ;
A6 product is carbon neutral / no carbon footprint ;
A7 AVP ;
disadvantages of using yeast
D1 time consuming / takes several days ;
D2 needs , downstream processing / purification of product ;
D3 is killed by product ;
D4 can (only) use batch method ;
D5 aseptic / sterile , conditions required ;
Suggest and explain how you might use the method of immobilised enzymes to obtain milk that was lactose-free.
reduce / slow, flow rate ;
repeat process / run milk through again ;
test for (named) sugars in milk ;
Outline two methods of immobilising enzymes.
hydrophobic / ionic bond, to (named), solid / support ;
covalent bond / cross-link to, (named) substance;
membrane separation ;
(en)trap / encapsulate / suspend, in (named), matrix ;
Enzyme immobilisation is used in the biotechnology industry for the large-scale production of materials.
Discuss the benefits of using immobilised enzymes for large-scale production.
(enzyme) can be re-used so reduces cost ;
product, pure(r) / uncontaminated ;
reduced downstream processing costs ;
(immobilised enzyme) works at high(er) temperature ;
(immobilised enzyme) works in changed pH ;
reaction, can be faster / have higher yield ,
because can be done at higher temperature ;
State the biotechnological term for this type of vegetative propagation.
reproductive ;
cloning ;
Name the modern technique which allows commercial growers to produce large numbers of genetically identical plants that are also virus-free.
(callus / plant) tissue culture / micropropagation ;
Explain what is meant by a primary metabolite.
(molecule made in or needed for cell’s normal)
survival / function / growth / development / reproduction ;
named example ;
Suggest two ways in which named factors inside the fermenter could be adjusted in order to maximise the yield of HGH.
factor (F) change needed (C) oxygen ; increase it / more / high or stir / sparging ; (named) nutrient ; increase it / more / high or stir ; temperature ; maintain at / control at / change to , optimum or cool or ref. to using water jacket ; pH ; maintain at / control at / change to, optimum or add, buffer / acid / alkali ; (waste) product / gas / CO2 ; harvest / remove / waste gas vent ; other / unwanted / harmful / competing , microbes ; prevent entry / asepsis ;
State two methods of immobilising an enzyme.
entrapment / alginate beads / cellulose network ;
adsorption / carrier bound
or
stuck to , porous carbon / clay / resin / glass ;
covalent bonding
or
cross-linking enzymes to each other and to clay (using
glutaraldehyde) ;
membrane separation
or
enzyme and substrate either side of partially permeable
membrane ;
Outline the process by which an animal, such as the first transgenic goat, may be cloned to produce a population.
somatic / adult, cell / nucleus ;
fused with / injected into ;
empty / enucleate , egg cell ;
from another goat ;
idea of electric shock / electrostimulation ;
this cell or embryo, grown on , in vitro / in tied oviduct ;
(early) embryo / blastocyst , split ;
idea that embryos replaced in , surrogate mothers /
other females ;
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cloning the transgenic goat compared with breeding the transgenic goat with normal goats.
advantages
all offspring will inherit the, (silk) gene / foreign DNA ;
all offspring female ;
certain / all make , silk / milk / product ;
faster / many obtained in a short time ;
avoid mating risks ;
max 3 advantages
disadvantages
no genetic variability (in population) / AW ;
(so makes goats) more susceptible to, environmental
factors / (infectious) disease ;
cloned animals may, have shorter life spans / be less
healthy ;
idea that cloning success rate is very poor ;
(more) expensive / needs (more) technology / (more)
labour intensive ;
