Cloning and biotechnology Flashcards
during fermentation why is it important to have a controlled temperature?
what controls it?
. promotes optimum conditions for enzyme activity
. controlled and maintained by water jacket
why is it important maintain the ph level in fermentation?
what part of the fermenter maintains this?
. promotes optimum conditions for enzyme activity
. either acids or alkalis added depending on the ph
. monitored by probes
during fermentation why is it important to maintain oxygen availability?
what type of air is pumped into the fermenter?
. provides the oxygen needed for respiration
. sterile air is pumped in
why is it important to maintain a good nutrient supply in fermentation?
whats the mini process?
. needed to promote optimum growth of microorganisms
. nutrients are added then stirred to distribute
why is agitation needed to maintain optimum conditions for fermentation?
the paddles ensure nutrients, temperature , oven and ph and all evenly distributed
how is contamination prevented in fermentation to maintain optimum conditions?
steam is cleaned between cultures which prevents competition from resources
why is waste needed to be removed in fermentation process?
if waste present can negatively affect the growth
so the waste is constantly removed to prevent toxic effect
what is a batch fermenter?
when microorganisms are grown in batches with a fixed volume of nutrients
explain the cycle of a batch fermenter
cycle completed -> product removed -> fermenter cleaned -> new batch grown
what is a continuous fermenter?
when microorganisms are grown continuously and nutrients are added continuously whilst waste products are also removed
state two advantages of a batch fermenter?
- low risk of contamination because the stream is cleaned between batches
- easy to set up and low in cost to invest
state two disadvantages of a batch fermenter?
- difficult to maintain optimum conditions
- growth rate low
state two advantages of a continuous fermenter?
- conditions kept constant
- faster growth rate of microorganisms
name 4 conditions which need to be kept constant for optimum conditions for bacteria to grow?
- temp
- ph level
- oxygen availability
- supply of nutrients
what makes up mycoprotein?
filamentous fungus
how is mycoprotein grown and what is added for its growth?
- growing in fermenters
- glucose added, and oxygen added so aerobic respiration can occur
- maximise yield of hyphae
what is hyphae?
role in making the ‘meat’ product?
thread like structures that make up mycelium of fungi
these make the meat like structure
why might a mycoprotein food subsictute be more favourable to eat?
low in fat
high in fibre
name 3 ways mycorptoein has benefits to someones health?
- high protein content so someone still has the essential amino acids for tissue repair and growth
- high fibre content - support gut
- low in saturated fats - less likely to cause heart disease
benefits of mycoprotein on agriculture?
- requires less land
- not dependent on seasons and weather conditions
- can be made using feedstock from renewable resources
disadvantages of using single cell protein? ie: mycoprotein?
- different texture and taste to meat
- supplements for flavour needed
- low in iron
- loss of farming jobs
- consumer resistance
what is biotechnology?
industrial use of living organisms to produce food, drugs and other products
why are microorganisms commonly used in biotechnology?
- short life cycle so can rapidly grow
- easy t create ideal growth conditions
- can be grown at any time of year
- economical - grow on inexpensive materials
name foods that are produced by microorganisms?
cheese , bread, yoghurt, alcohol, sauerkraut
how is yeast used to ferment bread when baking bread?
describe the process
- yeast single cell fungus added to bread
- enzyme in the yeast hydrolyse (break down) starch from the flour into maltose
- maltose hydrolysed into monosaccharide glucose
- yeast can now respire anaerobically - fermentation
- large amounts of CO2 produced helping the dough to rise
how is yeast used to brewing and distilling, explain the process
- grains (ie: barley) added to yeast
- yeast uses glucose from the barley to respire anaerobically to fermentate
- glucose = carbon dioxide + ethanol
explain how cheese making using microorganisms and the process
- rennet used which contains enzyme chymosin
- chymosin causes the milk to clot
- a bacteria is used which respires anaerobically
- lactose converted into milk and lactic acid
- this makes the cheese sour and helps to solidify it
during cheese making what microorganism does blue cheese need adding?
fungi so mould spores form
what is rennet in cheese making?
modified yeast cells from calves lining of stomachs
describe how microorganisms are used in yoghurt making?
- lactic acid bacteria added to pasteurised milk
- bacteria respires anaerobically and converts lactose into lactic acid
- the acidic conditions denature the proteins in the milk
- the proteins coagulate (stick together) giving the yoghurt a thick sour taste
why does yoghurt have a longer shelf life?
due to lactic acid bacteria , fermenting the lactose into lactic acid lowering the ph of the yoghurt , inhibiting spoilage of pathogens
describe the production of peneclillin from fungus
- fungus produces penecillin when under stress
- penecillin antibiotic which stops bacteria from growing
- grown under stress in industrial fermenters
how is insulin produced?
from genetically modified bacteria containing human gene of insulin
where is the GMO insulin grown?
in industrial fermenters
what is bioremediation?
removing pollutants from contaminated sites through the use of microorganisms
process of bioremediation?
- naturally occurring bacteria provided with additional nutrients
- relies on oxidative digestion of pollutants
- break down pollutants into less harmful products
name the processes in everyday life that require the use of microorganisms
7 ways
- cheese making
- yoghurt production
- brewing and distilling
- insulin production
- bioremediation
- break baking
- penecillin
Give one economic reason why microorganisms are used in biotechnology
They grow on inexpensive substrates like waste materials
Name two conditions that must be controlled in a fermenter to grow microorganisms efficiently?
- PH
- Temperature
