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biology M6 > cloning and biotechnology > Flashcards

cloning and biotechnology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is vegetative propagation

A
  • production of plant clones from non-reproductive tissues
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2
Q

what are 5 natural vegetative propagation methods used by plants

A
  • rhizomes
  • stolons/runners
  • tubers
  • bulbs
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3
Q

what is the process of tissue culture

A
  • cells are removed from the plant that it wanting to be cloned
  • removed from stem and root tip as they are stem cells
  • cells are sterilised to kill any microorganisms as they would compete for nutrients and effect growth
  • cells are placed onto a culture medium with nutrients e.g. glucose for respiration and growth hormones (auxin)
  • once cells have divided and grown into a small plant they are removed and placed in soil
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4
Q

what is the definition of a clone

A
  • usually genetically identical to the parent organism
  • formed by a-sexual reproduction and results in clones from mitosis
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5
Q

what is the process of natural cloning (vegetative propogation)

A
  • a structure forms which develops into a fully differentiated new plant which is a clone of the parent
  • this often involves prennating organs which enables the plant to survive adverse conditions
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6
Q

how does natural cloning occur in bulbs

A
  • leaf bases swell with stored food from photosynthesis
  • buds form internally which develop into new shoots and new plants in the next growing seasons
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7
Q

how does natural cloning occur in runners

A
  • a lateral stem grows away from the parent plant
  • roots develop where the runner touches the ground
  • the runner eventually withers away after the new plant develops leaving new individual independent
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8
Q

how does natural cloning occur in stem tubers

A
  • the tip of an underground stem becomes swollen with stored food to form a tuber
  • buds form on the tuber and develop to produce new shoots
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8
Q

how does natural cloning occur in rhizomes

A
  • specialised horizontal stem running underground
  • buds develop and form new vertical shoots which become independent plants
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8
Q

what is horticulture

A
  • art and science of growing plants
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9
Q

how is natural cloning used in horticulture

A
  • exploited to produce new plants
  • increase plant numbers cheaply
  • guarntees quality of plants but reduces genetic variation
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10
Q

how is sugar cane cloned

A
  • short lengths (30cm) are cut and buried in a clear field and covered in a thin layer of soil
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11
Q

how is a plant cloned by cutting

A
  • use a non-flowered stem
  • make an oblique cut in the stem (angled)
  • use hormonal rooting powder
  • reduce leaves 2 to 4
  • keep the cutting well watered
  • cover the cutting with a plastic bag for a few days
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12
Q

when is micropropagation using tissue culture used

A
  • if the plant does not readily produce seeds
  • doesn’t respond well to natural cloning
  • is very rare
  • has been genetically modified or selectively bred with difficulty
  • required to be pathogen free
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13
Q

what is micropropagation using tissue culture

A
  • process of making large numbers of clones from a single parent plant using tissue culture techniques
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14
Q

what are the basic principles of micropropagation

A
  • take a small sample of the tissue from the plant
  • the sample is sterilised usually by immersing it in sterilising agents
  • the material removed from the plant is placed in a sterile culture medium containing a balance of plants hormones , the cells proliferate forming a mass of identical cells known as a callus
  • the callus is divided up and individual cells are transferred to a new culture medium which stimulates the development of genetically identical plantlets
  • the plantlets are potted into compost
  • the young plants are planted out to grow and produce a crop
15
Q

what are the pros of micropropagation

A
  • allows for the rapid production of large numbers of plants with known genetic make-up which will yield good crops
  • culturing meristem tissue produces disease-free plants
  • reliably high numbers of rare or endangered plants
16
Q

what are the cons of micropropagation

A
  • produces a monoculture susceptible to diseases
  • relatively expensive and requires skilled workers
  • large numbers of new plants are lost during the process
  • vunerable to infection
16
Q

what is cloning in invertebrates

A
  • some animals can regenerate entire animals from fragments of the original if they are damaged
  • sponges form new identical animals as part of their normal reproductive process
  • some insect females can produce offspring without mating
16
Q

what is cloning in vertebrates

A
  • monozygotic twins
  • early embryos splits into 2 seperate embryos
  • although genetically identical they may look different
17
Q

what is artificial twinning in animals

A
  • split in early embryo is produced manually, may be split into more than 2
  • animal with desirable traits is treated with hormones so the female super ovulates (releasing more mature ova)
  • ova may fertilised naturally or by artificial insemination
  • alternatively, mature eggs are removed and fertilised by top quality semen in the lab
  • usually around day 6 the cells of embryo are split to produce smaller embryos
  • each spilt embryo is grown in the lab for a few days than implanted into the mother
18
Q

what is the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer

A
  • take the nucleus from an adult somatic cell and transferring it to an enucleated egg which has had the nucleus removed
  • a tiny electric shock is used to fuse the egg and nucleus
  • stimulated the combined cell to divide and form a clone of adult
19
Q

what are the pros of artificial animal cloning

A
  • high yielding form animals to produce many more offspring than normal
  • SCNT clones specific animals
  • enable rare or endangered animals to reproduce
  • enable GM embryos to be replicated giving many embryos from one procedure
20
Q

what are the cons of artificial animal cloning

A
  • SCNT is an inefficient process
  • many cloned animals fail to produce healthy offspring (many miscarry)
  • many cloned animals have a shortened life span
  • SCNT has been relatively unsuccessfully so far in increasing populations of rare organisms or bring back extinct species

biology M6 (6 decks)

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