Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OCR A Bio > cloning and biotech > Flashcards

cloning and biotech Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what us natural cloning in plants also called

A

vegetative propagation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

4 examples of vegetative propagation

A

BULBS e.g daffodils

  • leaf base swells with stored food
  • buds form internally
  • develop into new shoots

RUNNERS e.g strawberry or spider plant

  • lateral stem (runner) grows away from parent
  • roots develop where runner touches the ground
  • plant develops

RHIZOMES e.g marram grass

  • specialised horizontal stem underground
  • stores food
  • buds develop and form new vertical shoots
  • these become independent

STEM TUBERS e.g. potato

  • tip of an underground stem becomes swollen with food
  • forms a tuber
  • buds on tuber form nee shoots
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how to take plant cuttings

A
  • use non-flowering stem
  • make oblique cut between nodes if a healthy stem
  • use hormone rooting powder
  • place cut end in damp soil
  • genetically identical plant grows
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

(Advantages of using cuttings v seeds)

A
  • faster
  • guarantees quality of crop
  • by taking cuttings, offspring will be identical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

disadvantage if using cuttings v seeds

A

lack of genetic variation (monoculture)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

why is micropropagation used to produce a desirable plant

A 
when the desirable plant:
•doesnt readily produce seeds
•doesnt respond well to natural cloning
•is very rare
•is required to he pathogen free
•has been GM or selectively bred with difficulty
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how are plants artificially cloned?

A

micropropagation using a tissue culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

method of micropropagation by tissue culture

A

•small sample of tissue from plant in sterile conditions (explant)
—>meristem tissue(in shoot tips/axial buds)
—> these places are usually virus free

•sample is sterilised
—>bleach
—>ethanol
—>sodium dichloroisocyanurate (this doesnt need to be washes off)

•explant placed in sterile culture medium
—> contains balance or plant hormones that stim mitosis

• cells proliferate
—> forms a mass of identical cells called a
CALLUS

•Callus divided up into individual cells or clumps
—> transferred into a new culture medium
—> contains hormones + nutrients which stim development of plantlets

•plantlets are potted in compost and grow to produce a crop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

advantages of micropropagation?

A

•rapid prod of large no. plants
—>with known genetics
—>so will yield good crop

•prod. disease free plants (done in sterile conditions)

•can prod large numbers of seedless crops
—> for consumer needs

  • can grow relativley infertile plants
  • increase number of rare/endangered plants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

disadvantages of micropropagation

A

•produces monoculture
—> genetically identical so susceptible to same disease/change in conditions

•expensive process
—> requires skilled workers

•explants/ plantelets vulnerable to moulds/ other diseases during production

•If source plant is infected
—> all clones will be

•large no. of plants can be lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what us the main form of natural cloning in vertebrates?

A

formation if monozygotic twins

identical twins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how are monozygotic twins formed

A

•early embryo splits

—> form two separate embryos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are two methods of artificial cloning in animals?

A

artificial twinning

SCNT (somatic cell nuclear transfer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

process of artificial twinning?

A

•animal with desirable traits treated with hormones
—> animal super-ovulates
—> releasing mature ova

•ova fertilised to form embryo
—> naturally or in a lab

•around day 6 cells are srill totipotent
—>cells of early embryo are split
—> produce smaller embryos

•split embryos are grown in a lab for a few days to ensure they are healthy

•each embryo implanted into a surrogate mother
—> single pregnancies less risky

• embryo develops into foetuses and born naturally
—> identical clones produced my different mothers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a difference between artificial twinning and SCNT

A

AT clones embryos

SCNT can clone adult cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how are natural twinning and artificial twinning different?

A

in natural twinning,
—>an early embryo is split and two foetuses grow from these two halves

in artificial twinning,
—>the same thing happens, but the early embryos are split manually
—>the early embryo can also be split into a number of different embryos
—> this can be used to produce a high number identical high quality animals

17
Q

difference between artificial twinning in cows and pigs

A

artificial twinning in cows
—> one embryo is implanted into one surrogate

however in pigs
—> tbey naturally produce a litter of piglets
—> so multiple cloned embryos are implanted into one surrogate

18
Q

what method is used to clone adult animals?

A

SCNT

- somatic cell nuclear transfer

19
Q

method of SCNT?

A

•nucleus is removed from somatic cell of ADULT animal

•nucleus us then placed into ENUCLEATED ovum
•nucleus is given a mild electric shock
—>so nucleus fuses with cell
—> and begins to divide

•embryo that develops
—> transferred to uterus of third animal—> develops to term

•new animal is a clone of animal that gave the nucleus from a somatic cell

20
Q

what is an enucleated ovum?

A

ovum with nucleus removed

21
Q

what is a somatic cell?

A

a cell in the body that isnt a gamete

diploid cells

22
Q

why may the cloned animal not be genetically identical to original somatic cell donor

A

mitochondrial DNA from enucleated ovum from a different animal is still present

23
Q

what us another name for SCNT

A

reproductive cloning

—> as final product is a live animal

24
Q

pros of artificial twinning?

A

•enables high yielding farm animals to produce many more offspring

• enables the success of male animal passing on desirable genes to be determined
—>if first cloned embryos results in successful breeding animal
—>more identical animals can be bred

25
Q

pros of SCNT

A

enables GM embryos to e replicated and to develop
—>give many embryos from one project

  • clone specific animals
  • enable rare, endangered or extinct animals to be reproduced
26
Q

cons of animal cloning

A

•SCNT is very inefficient

•Many cloned animals fail to develop and miscarry
—> produce malformed offspring

•cloned animals havw shortened life spans

27
Q

benefits for using microorganisms

A
  • no welfare issues like with animals
  • large range of mgs that can be used in many different reactions
  • GM allows for manipulation to carry out reactions they wouldn’t do normally

•mgs have a v short life cycle + short growth period
—> in right conditions, huge amount can be produced in a short period

  • nutrient requirement often quite simple/cheap
  • provide their own catalysts as enzymes

OCR A Bio (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions