Cloning

Question 1

what are the two types of clonnning used in mammals

Answer 1

embryo splitting and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

Question 2

what is embryo splitting

Answer 2

when an embryo is divided into 2 cell masses which are planted in separate female surrogates where they develop into genetically identical individuals

Question 3

how is embryo splitting ineffective in comparison to SCNT

Answer 3

the individuals are genetically indentical to each other not to the surrogate mother or male sperm donnor

Question 4

what are the stages of somatic cell nuclear transfer

Answer 4

1 Enucleation – the removal or destruction of the nucleus from the donated egg cell to produce an enucleated egg cell.
2 Extraction – the donated somatic cell’s nucleus is extracted.
3 Insertion – the somatic cell’s nucleus is inserted into the enucleated egg cell.
4 Development – following insertion, the cell begins to divide and develop into an embryo, which is then implanted into a surrogate mother. The pregnancy then continues as normal.

Question 5

what are the applications of somatic cell nuclear transfer

Answer 5

been primarily used to clone a variety of living and recently deceased animals including sheep, dogs, and monkeys.

Question 6

what are the applications of embryo splitting

Answer 6

in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) where scientists can selectively choose eggs and sperm from parents with desirable traits and fertilise them in a laboratory.
For example, farmers may selectively choose cows (female) and bulls (male) based upon desirable traits, such as high milk production or increased muscle mass, and split the resulting embryo to produce genetically identical offspring, all of which would have the desirable traits.

Question 7

what are the main complications surrrounding SCNT

Answer 7

premature aging, animal suffering, huamn cloning and loss of agg cells

Question 8

complications of embryo splitting

Answer 8

alteration of embryos, genetic diversity and research animals