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Immunology Exam I > Clonal Selection/ Antibody Structure > Flashcards

Clonal Selection/ Antibody Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Major Features of clonal selection (1):
The immune system is comprised of a ____________ population of billions of different ______________

A

heterogeneous

lymphocytes

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2
Q

Major Features of clonal selection (2):
Each individual lymphocyte is _____________ for a __________________ of an antigen

A

specific

single epitope

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3
Q

Major Features of clonal selection (3):
This _________-________ is by virtue of each lymphocyte’s unique __________________ _______________

A

antigen-specificity

surface receptor

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4
Q

Major Features of clonal selection (4):
Only a ________ number of lymphocytes will recognize a specific antigen

A

small

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5
Q

Major Features of clonal selection (5):
_____________ of an antigen signals the cell to undergo _____________

A

Recognition

PROLIFERATION

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6
Q

Proliferation

A

results in a clone of cells all expressing receptors with the same antigen-specificity

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7
Q

Major Features of clonal selection (6):
Proliferating lymphocytes will eventually differentiate into either _____________ cells or _____________ cells

A

EFFECTOR

MEMORY

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8
Q

Clonal selection holds true for both:

A

B & T cells

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9
Q

In the case of B cells—> the antigen -specific receptor is

A

membrane-bound immunoglobulin (Ig)

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10
Q

membrane-bound immunoglobulin (Ig) =

A

antibody (Ab)

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11
Q

Plasma cells

A

Effector B cells that are Ab-secreting cells

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12
Q

Memory B cells

A

long-lived cells with membrane-bound Ig

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13
Q

If any exposure to the antigen occurs subsequent to the initial exposure, what cells are more easily “triggered?”

A

memory cells

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14
Q

What are lymphocytes that have not yet encountered their specific antigen?

A

Naive lymphocytes

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15
Q

The immune system is able to respond in a _______ period of time upon subsequent infection. This is ___________ because the pathogen is not as ______________ ______________ when the body mounts the immune response.

A

shorter

advantageous

well established

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16
Q

What cells also produce an immune response larger in magnitude than naive lympocytes?

A

memory cells

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17
Q

What are antibodies (Ab) and where are they found?

A

Glycoproteins found in serum, ECF & mucosal secretions

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18
Q

What secretes antibodies?

A

Secreted by effector B cells (plasma cells) in response to antigens (Ag)

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19
Q

Antibodies are _______- specific. What does that mean?

A

antigen

They will bind to one particular antigen and not to others

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20
Q

Are antibodies globular or fibrous?

A

globular

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21
Q

What can be used to separate serum proteins?

A

electrophoresis

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22
Q

Serum proteins are separated into 4 major fractions:

A

albumin

alpha-globulin

beta-globulin

gamma-globulin

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23
Q

Basic structure of an antibody molecule ______ consists of ____ chains:
_____ ____ chains + _____ _____ chains

A

monomer

4

2 heavy (H) chains + 2 light (L) chains

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24
Q

In any one antibody molecule, the 2 ________ chains are identical to each other.

A

heavy (H)

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25
Q

The two L chains are identical to each other as well (T/F)

A

True

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26
Q

What is each H chain linked to an L chain by?

What kind of bond?

A

disulfide (S-S) bond between cysteine residues

covalent

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27
Q

Are the two H chains linked to each other by a S-S bond? (Y/N)

What is unique about this particular linkage?

A

yes

produces a flexible region

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28
Q

What is the flexible region of referred to as?

A

Hinge region

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29
Q

What enzyme cleaves Ig at the hinge regions?

A

papain

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30
Q

Proteolytic digestion with papain results in:

A

Fab & Fc fragments

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31
Q

Each monomer contains two identical ______ regions and one _____ region

A

Fab

Fc

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32
Q

Fab includes:

A

1 complete L chain & part of 1 H chain

33
Q

What does Fab stand for?

A

Fragment antigen binding

34
Q

How many binding sites does binding site for an antigen does each Fab contain?

A

one

35
Q

How many Fabs are there per antibody molecule monomer?

A

two

36
Q

Each monomer contains _____ binding sites for an antigen.

Are these binding sites identical to each other? (Y/N)

What is this property called?

A

two

Yes

Bivalency

37
Q

What does the Fc region of the antibody molecule determine?

A

“biological activity”

38
Q

The Fc region determines the specific ________ function(s) that the immune system will take on the __________-_________ complex?

A

effector

ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEX

39
Q

The Ig chain consists of tightly folded region of about ______ amino acids?

What are these regions called?

A

100

domains

40
Q

Domains =

A

immunogolobulin folds

41
Q

How many domains does a light chain have?

A

2 domains

42
Q

How many domains does a heavy chain have?

A

4 (sometimes 5) domains

43
Q

The domains at the _-________ in bothy heavy and light chains is extremely _________ in amino acid sequence amongst different antibodies.

A

N-terminus

variable

44
Q

What are the variable regions (V regions)?

A

VH, VL

45
Q

What are the constant regions (C regions)?

A

CH, CL

46
Q

The _______ regions of an antibody molecule are where antigen-specificity of a particular antibody resides.

A

variable regions

47
Q

Variable region of 1 light chain + variable region of 1 heavy chain = shape that?

What is this site called?

A

recognizes & binds antigen

Antigen binding site

48
Q

What parts of antibodies actually make contact with antigen?

A

Complementarity- determining region (CDR)

49
Q

CDRs only consist of light chains (T/F)

A

False

CDRs are stretches of AA’s within the variable regions of both heavy and light chains

50
Q

Each binding site has ____ CDRs: ___ VH CDRs & ____VL CDRs

A

6 CDRs : 3 VH CDRs & 3 VL CDRs

51
Q

How many classes of Ig are found in mammals?

A

5

52
Q

What are the five classes of Ig based on?

A

the sequence of the HEAVY CHAIN CONSTANT REGION

53
Q

What are the classes and their H- chain designation?

A
54
Q

Which classes have 3 constant region domains (CH1-CH3) in their heavy chains?

Where is a hinge present?

A

IgG, IgA, IgD

between CH1 & CH2 domains

55
Q

Which classes have 4 constant region domains (CH1-CH4) in their heavy chains?

Where is the hinge present?

A

IgM, Ig E

between CH2 & CH3 domains

56
Q

All five Ig classes are found in the serum, but ____ IS BY FAR THE MOST DOMINANT SERUM Ig

A

IgG

57
Q

IgM is present in the serum as a monomer. (T/F)

A

False

58
Q

Which three classes are present as monomer in body fluids?

A

IgG

IgD

IgE

59
Q

_____ is present as a monomer and dimer in serum

A

IgA

60
Q

____ is present as a PENATMER in the serum

A

IgM

61
Q

In mucus, ___ is present as a _______

A

IgA

dimer

62
Q

What can form polymeric Ig?

A

Both IgM & IgA

63
Q

What is found in the serum as a pentamer?

A

IgM

64
Q

What is each pentamer is held together by?

A

One J chain polypeptide

65
Q

J chain =

A

“joining chain”

66
Q

Why is IgM confined primarily within the bloodstream?

A

IgM exists as a pentamer—> a large molecule

IT CANNOT PASS OUT OF THE CIRCULATION INTO BODY TISSUES- it is too big

67
Q

How many antigen binding sites does IgM pentamer have?

A

10

each monomer has 2 antigen binding sites

68
Q

IgA is found in the serum as monomers and dimers (T/F)

A

True

69
Q

In mucosal secretions, IgA is ONLY found as ________.

A

dimers

70
Q

Each dimer includes: one _ _____ _____________ & one additional polypeptide called __________ __________

A

J chain polypeptide

SECRETORY COMPONENT (SC)

71
Q

What is the IgA in mucosal secretions called?

A

secretory IgA

72
Q

Most species produce two types of Ig light chains: ___ & ___

A
73
Q

An antibody molecule can have both kappa or lambda light chains. (T/F)

A

False;

it has either kappa or lambda light chains

74
Q

Within any individual antibody molecule, the two light chains will be either:

A

both kappa or both lambda

75
Q

What is multiple myeloma?

A

cancer of a plasma cell (an effector B cell)

76
Q

A single B cell becomes __________.

What is it do to the bone marrow?

A

neoplastic

growing out of control and crowding out the bone marrow

77
Q

What is the antibody the plasma cells will produce in reference to the myeloma?

A

myeloma protein

78
Q

Is myeloma protein a normal antibody?
Is it the problem?

A

Yes
No, its that it is produced in very large amounts

79
Q

Patients with multiple myeloma will have a very large ___-globulin peak in serum electrophoresis

A

gamma- globulin

Immunology Exam I (1 decks)

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