ClinPath Midterm Review

Question 1

What is plasma?

Answer 1

The liquid portion of blood with blood clotting proteins.

Question 2

What is serum?

Answer 2

The liquid portion of blood without blood clotting proteins.

Question 3

A disease that an animal is born with is considered __________.

Answer 3

congenital

Question 4

A disease in which the cause is of unknown origin is called _________.

Answer 4

idiopathic

Question 5

A ________ is an infectious organism that has the potential to cause disease.

Answer 5

pathogen

Question 6

What is gangrene?

Answer 6

A type of necrosis that has 4 types: dry, gas, moist, & wet.

Question 7

What is a caseation?

Answer 7

A type of necrosis where dead tissue is converted to a cheesy texture.

Question 8

What is coagulation?

Answer 8

The most common type of necrosis, due to blood loss, occurs in “solid” organs.

Question 9

What is liquefactive?

Answer 9

A type of necrosis where areas become liquified by powerful enzymes that degrade dead cells and surrounding tissues.

Question 10

What are the 5 signs of inflammation?

Answer 10

Pain, heat, swelling, loss of function, & redness.

Question 11

What organization regulates safety in the workplace?

Answer 11

OSHA

Question 12

List the laboratory PPE.

Answer 12

Gloves, masks, close-toed shoes, goggles, respirators, hair ties, clothing/gowns, lab coat, and face shields.

Question 13

Most laboratory incubators are set at what temperature? Why is this concerning for laboratory safety?

Answer 13

98.6*F, it is optimal for growth of most pathogenic organisms.

Question 14

What does a left shift mean when evaluating leukocytes?

Answer 14

Immature leukocytes

Question 15

Thrombocytes are also known as _________.

Answer 15

platelets or immature RBC

Question 16

What stain is most commonly used for hematology?

Answer 16

Diff quick

Question 17

What stain is most commonly used for microbiology?

Answer 17

Gram stain

Question 18

What stain is most commonly used for urine?

Answer 18

Sedi stain

Question 19

What stain is most commonly used for reticulocytes?

Answer 19

NMB

Question 20

What stain is most commonly used for histology/cytology?

Answer 20

Wright-Giesma

Question 21

What are the 3 cellular components of blood?

Answer 21

RBC, WBC, platelets

Question 22

T/F? The liquid portion of blood is 90% proteins.

Answer 22

False

Question 23

Erythropoietin is the hormone that is produced by the _______ to stimulate red cell production.

Answer 23

kidneys

Question 24

An increase in a PCV can be an indication of ___________ while a decrease in a PCV can be an indication of ______.

Answer 24

dehydration; anemia

Question 25

Rouleaux formation is common in what species?

Answer 25

Equine

Question 26

What is rouleaux formation?

Answer 26

RBCs appear like elongated, tumbled stacks of coins.

Question 27

Agglutination is commonly seen in what type of anemia?

Answer 27

IMHA (immune mediated hemolytic anemia)

Question 28

Define regenerative anemia.

Answer 28

Bone marrow increases RBC production in response to low RBC levels.

Question 29

Define non-regenerative anemia.

Answer 29

Bone marrow does NOT produce enough RBC and does not respond to high RBC needs.

Question 30

What type of cell can be seen on a blood smear indicating regenerative anemia?

Answer 30

Reticulocytes

Question 31

What is the primary function of basophils?

Answer 31

Activates histamine (allergies)

Question 32

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

Answer 32

Inflammation

Question 33

What is the primary function of monocytes?

Answer 33

Phagocytosis

Question 34

What is the primary function of lymphocytes?

Answer 34

Immunity

Question 35

What is the primary function of eosinophils?

Answer 35

Inflammation

Question 36

Thrombocytes are fragments of ______________.

Answer 36

megakaryocytes

Question 37

Describe primary hemostasis.

Answer 37

Formation of the platelet plug.

Question 38

Describe secondary hemostasis.

Answer 38

Formation of fibrin (coagulation cascade).

Question 39

Describe tertiary hemostasis.

Answer 39

Formation of plasmin for breakdown of clot.

Question 40

_________ or _________ is tiny hemorrhage from the mucosal surface as a result of a defect in primary hemostasis.

Answer 40

Petechial; ecchymosis

Question 41

List 3 intracellular electrolytes.

Answer 41

Phosphate, magnesium, & potassium

Question 42

List 3 extracellular electrolytes

Answer 42

Sodium, chloride, & calcium

Question 43

What 3 important things should you know prior to collecting any samples?

Answer 43

Proper sample handling, proper storage, and proper amount/ratio.

Question 44

Von Willebrand disease is a defect in _______ _________.

Answer 44

Primary hemostasis

Question 45

The pancreas has an endocrine function that produces ________ and _______. It also has an exocrine function that produces ___________ and ________ ________ which are secreted into the duodenum for digestion.

Answer 45

glucagon; insulin; bicarbonate; digestive enzymes

Question 46

List 2 most common serum chemistry tests that are associated with kidney function.

Answer 46

BUN & creatine

Question 47

Cations have a _________ charge.

Answer 47

Positive

Question 48

Anions have a ________ charge.

Answer 48

negative

Question 49

What regulates calcium levels?

Answer 49

Calcitonin - thyroids; parathyroid hormone - parathyroids

Question 50

Bile acids can test for what congenital disease?

Answer 50

PDA (Patent ductus arteriosus)

Question 51

In serology testing, sensitivity is the measurement of the number of false _________ and specificity measures the number of false ___________ produced by the reaction procedure.

Answer 51

negatives; positives

Question 52

What is type I hypersensitivity?

Answer 52

immediate hypersensitivity

Question 53

What is type II hypersensitivity?

Answer 53

Autoimmune

Question 54

What is type III hypersensitivity?

Answer 54

immune-complex disease

Question 55

What is type IV hypersensitivity?

Answer 55

T-cell

Question 56

What is anisocytosis?

Answer 56

Unequal size of erythrocytes

Question 57

What is poikilocytosis?

Answer 57

Variation in shape of erythrocytes.

Question 58

What is agglutination?

Answer 58

Arrangement of RBCs characterized by clumping.

Question 59

What test is used for IMHA and agglutination?

Answer 59

Coomb’s test

Question 60

What test is used for tuberculosis and hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 60

Intradermal test

Question 61

What test is used for Anthrax, RNA and DNA molecular diagnostics?

Answer 61

PCR

Question 62

What test is used for EIA and immunodiffusion?

Answer 62

Coggins test

Question 63

What is a PCR test?

Answer 63

Polymerase Chain Reactions identify prescience of pathogens based on analysis of RNA+DNA.

Question 64

What is a Coggins test?

Answer 64

Agar gel immunodiffusion that tests for equine infectious agents.

Question 65

What is Coomb’s testing?

Answer 65

Detects antibodies that has attacked own RBC, positive = agglutination.

Question 66

What is an intradermal test?

Answer 66

Tests for allergies, hypersensitivity reaction, & tuberculin.

Question 67

Define antigens.

Answer 67

Substance that triggers immune response.

Question 68

Define antibodies.

Answer 68

A response to defend against antigens.

Question 69

Define an innate immune system.

Answer 69

nonspecific

Question 70

Define an adaptive immune system.

Answer 70

Specific

Question 71

Define a humoral immune system.

Answer 71

Develop specific molecules for each antigen and antibody.

Question 72

Define passive immunity.

Answer 72

Immunity passed through the placenta from mother to offspring.