ClinPath Flashcards

1
Q

The presence of what can indicate that the anemia is regenerative?

A

nRBCs accompanied by reticulocytes (appropriate metarubricytosis)

if no reticulocytes, presence of nRBCs = bone marrow or splenic dz

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2
Q

What changes indicate leukocytosis?

A
  1. Neutrophilia
  2. Lymphocytosis
  3. Monocytosis
  4. Eosinophilia/Basophilia
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3
Q

What are the acute phase proteins? Which are positive and which are negative?

A

Acute Phase Proteins
1. Positive = concentrations INCREASE in response to inflammation (fibrinogen)
2. Negative = concentrations DECREASE in response to inflammation (albumin)

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4
Q

Hyperphosphatemia is associated with what function in the kidneys?

A

Decreased GFR – elevated renal values (BUN, Crea) will support increased P as well.

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5
Q

How to calculate corrrected chloride value

A

[average Na/measured Na] x measured Cl

average = based on RI of lab you are using

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6
Q

Bilirubin is made by what?

A

Bilirubin = a byproduct of heme breakdown
- heme breaksdown -> unconjugated Bi
- unconjugated Bi transformed into conjugated by liver
- most conj. Bi reamins in hepatic circulation; small amt. in urine

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7
Q

Exocrine pancreas function

A
  1. Acinar cells: secrete digestive enzymes via trypsin that act on CHOs, fats, proteins
  2. Ductal cells: secrete bicarb to neutralize acidic gastric contents in duodenum
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8
Q

increased lipase, amylase, TLI and PLI indicate what?

A

increased acinar pancreatic damage; decreased GFR

acinar cells can’t digest CHOs, fats, protein

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9
Q

TLI and PLI decrease with what?

A

chronic pancreatitis (inappropriate or early activation of digestive enzymes), acinar atrophy

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10
Q

EPI

A

exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: pancreatic acinar cells fail to secrete digestive enzymes -> chronic weight loss despite ravenous appetite

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11
Q

Cobalamin and folate pattern in EPI

A
  • Cobalamin decreases
  • Folate increases
from E&E

cobalamin absorbed by distal SI and ileum
folate absorbed by proximal SI (duodenum)

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12
Q

Reference Interval calculation

A

the mean +/- two standard deviations

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13
Q

What are the 3 categories of sources of lab errors?

A
  1. Preanalytical (pre-lab arrival) Majority
  2. Analytical (lab error)
  3. Postanalytical (mismatch of results to patient delivery)
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14
Q

Preanalytical error

What are the 3 factors of Quality Control/Assurance (QC/QA) for Preanalytical error

A
  1. Standard Operating Procedures
  2. Training of personnel
  3. Communication with clients
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15
Q

What are the 5 factors of Quality Control/Assurance (QC/QA) for Analytical error

A
  1. SOP
  2. Training of personnel
  3. Automation
  4. Monitoring results
  5. Certification
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16
Q

What are the 4 factors of Quality Control/Assurance (QC/QA) for Postanalytical error

A
  1. SOP
  2. Training of personnel
  3. Automation
  4. Communication w/ clients
17
Q

Cause of artifact hypoglycemia

A

sample left out too long -> cells in blood consume the glucose

18
Q

Cause of artifact hypocalcemia/no Ca and hyperkalemia

A
  1. incorrect collection tube (K3EDTA)
    - EDTA Chelates Ca
  2. K3EDTA tube -> false hyperkalemia due to K3
19
Q

Cause of artifact high anion gap metabolic acidosis?

high AG, low bicarb

A

tube left open for too long -> CO2 loss

remember: pH is directly related to bicarb concentration

20
Q

What are Heinz bodies

A

damaged hemoglobin

elevated MCH, MCHC, reticulocytes, platelets

21
Q

artifact changes from EDTA (2)

A

decreased MCV, decreased HCT

22
Q

what leukon inclusions can be seen in an old sample?

A

Döhloe Bodies

the small, blue inclusions
23
Q

How does hemolysis affect HCT/PCV?

A

decreases it

24
Q

delayed analysis of urine sample can cause what artifacts?

A

falsely basic sample, proliferation of microbes (contamination or pathogens), degradation of formed elements like casts or of chemical analytes like ketones and bilirubin

25
When submitting cytology slides, what is the most important thing you need to include in submission?
Thorough history & precise location of lesion
26
rejecting poorly collected samples, incorrect anticoagulant, or samples not shipped properly is what type of QA procedure?
Pre-analytical
27
discarding expired reagents or rejecting runs when controls are "out" is what type of QA procedure?
Analytical