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AAA Fall 2024 > ClinPath > Flashcards

ClinPath Flashcards

1
Q

The presence of what can indicate that the anemia is regenerative?

A

nRBCs accompanied by reticulocytes (appropriate metarubricytosis)

if no reticulocytes, presence of nRBCs = bone marrow or splenic dz

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2
Q

What changes indicate leukocytosis?

A
  1. Neutrophilia
  2. Lymphocytosis
  3. Monocytosis
  4. Eosinophilia/Basophilia
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3
Q

What are the acute phase proteins? Which are positive and which are negative?

A

Acute Phase Proteins
1. Positive = concentrations INCREASE in response to inflammation (fibrinogen)
2. Negative = concentrations DECREASE in response to inflammation (albumin)

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4
Q

Hyperphosphatemia is associated with what function in the kidneys?

A

Decreased GFR – elevated renal values (BUN, Crea) will support increased P as well.

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5
Q

How to calculate corrrected chloride value

A

[average Na/measured Na] x measured Cl

average = based on RI of lab you are using

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6
Q

Bilirubin is made by what?

A

Bilirubin = a byproduct of heme breakdown
- heme breaksdown -> unconjugated Bi
- unconjugated Bi transformed into conjugated by liver
- most conj. Bi reamins in hepatic circulation; small amt. in urine

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7
Q

Exocrine pancreas function

A
  1. Acinar cells: secrete digestive enzymes via trypsin that act on CHOs, fats, proteins
  2. Ductal cells: secrete bicarb to neutralize acidic gastric contents in duodenum
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8
Q

increased lipase, amylase, TLI and PLI indicate what?

A

increased acinar pancreatic damage; decreased GFR

acinar cells can’t digest CHOs, fats, protein

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9
Q

TLI and PLI decrease with what?

A

chronic pancreatitis (inappropriate or early activation of digestive enzymes), acinar atrophy

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10
Q

EPI

A

exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: pancreatic acinar cells fail to secrete digestive enzymes -> chronic weight loss despite ravenous appetite

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11
Q

Cobalamin and folate pattern in EPI

A
  • Cobalamin decreases
  • Folate increases
from E&E

cobalamin absorbed by distal SI and ileum
folate absorbed by proximal SI (duodenum)

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12
Q

Reference Interval calculation

A

the mean +/- two standard deviations

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13
Q

What are the 3 categories of sources of lab errors?

A
  1. Preanalytical (pre-lab arrival) Majority
  2. Analytical (lab error)
  3. Postanalytical (mismatch of results to patient delivery)
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14
Q

Preanalytical error

What are the 3 factors of Quality Control/Assurance (QC/QA) for Preanalytical error

A
  1. Standard Operating Procedures
  2. Training of personnel
  3. Communication with clients
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15
Q

What are the 5 factors of Quality Control/Assurance (QC/QA) for Analytical error

A
  1. SOP
  2. Training of personnel
  3. Automation
  4. Monitoring results
  5. Certification
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16
Q

What are the 4 factors of Quality Control/Assurance (QC/QA) for Postanalytical error

A
  1. SOP
  2. Training of personnel
  3. Automation
  4. Communication w/ clients
17
Q

Cause of artifact hypoglycemia

A

sample left out too long -> cells in blood consume the glucose

18
Q

Cause of artifact hypocalcemia/no Ca and hyperkalemia

A
  1. incorrect collection tube (K3EDTA)
    - EDTA Chelates Ca
  2. K3EDTA tube -> false hyperkalemia due to K3
19
Q

Cause of artifact high anion gap metabolic acidosis?

high AG, low bicarb

A

tube left open for too long -> CO2 loss

remember: pH is directly related to bicarb concentration

20
Q

What are Heinz bodies

A

damaged hemoglobin

elevated MCH, MCHC, reticulocytes, platelets

21
Q

artifact changes from EDTA (2)

A

decreased MCV, decreased HCT

22
Q

what leukon inclusions can be seen in an old sample?

A

Döhloe Bodies

the small, blue inclusions
23
Q

How does hemolysis affect HCT/PCV?

A

decreases it

24
Q

delayed analysis of urine sample can cause what artifacts?

A

falsely basic sample, proliferation of microbes (contamination or pathogens), degradation of formed elements like casts or of chemical analytes like ketones and bilirubin

25
Q

When submitting cytology slides, what is the most important thing you need to include in submission?

A

Thorough history & precise location of lesion

26
Q

rejecting poorly collected samples, incorrect anticoagulant, or samples not shipped properly is what type of QA procedure?

A

Pre-analytical

27
Q

discarding expired reagents or rejecting runs when controls are “out” is what type of QA procedure?

A

Analytical

AAA Fall 2024 (15 decks)

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