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Clinicals/Blue Boxes Flashcards

1
Q

Torticollis

A

Spinal Accessory N. Pathology
Contraction/Shortening of SCM
Head tilts toward and face away from affected side

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2
Q

Retropharyngeal Abscess

A

Develops secondary to lymphatic drainage or contigous spread of upper respiratory infections
- Swelling can cause difficulty in swallowing/speaking

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3
Q

Oculomotor Palsy (CN III)

A
  • Downward and Outward Gaze
  • Dilated Pupil
  • Ptosis
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4
Q

Abducent Nerve Palsy (CN VI)

A

Eye does not abduct in direction of gaze

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5
Q

Hypoglossal Nerve Lesion (CN XII)

A

Atrophy of muscles of that side

Tongue turns toward side of lesion

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6
Q

Surgical Access to Cranial Cavity

A
  • Periosteum has poor osteogenic properties
  • Bone is wired or plated when healing
  • Heals best when flap incorporates overlying tissues (skin/muscle/fascia)
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7
Q

Cleft Lip

A

When Palatine Does not close

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8
Q

Fetal Fontanelle

A

Skull of infant is not fully fused

  • Have crevices to allow bone growth
  • Anterior Fontanelle
  • Sphenoid Fontanlle
  • Mastoid Fontanelle
  • Posterior Fontanelle
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9
Q

Epidural Hematoma

A
  • Ruptured Middle Meningeal A
  • Over Dura
  • Localized because of sutures
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10
Q

Pterion

A
  • Junction of Frontal, Parietal, Sphenoid, Temporal Bone
  • Skull is thinner here
  • Middle Meningeal A is immediately underneath, can rupture
  • Can be lucid for several hours
  • Convex shaped
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11
Q

Subdural Hematoma

A
  • Bleeding Below Dura
  • Shaken Baby Syndrome
  • Acceleration/Deaceleration Injury
  • Crescent shaped
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12
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A
  • Cerebral A can rupture into subarachnoid space
  • Diagnosed w/ spinal tap
  • Ppl with hypertension and post-menopausal women are predisposed
  • “Worst headache of my life”
  • Probabilities of certain arteries bursting: Anterior Communicating A. most common (40%)
  • Webbed Appearance
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13
Q

Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis

A
  • Swelling of Internal carotid
  • Can cause periorbital edema
  • Chemosis
  • Abducens N. (CN VI) Palsy
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14
Q

Hydrocephalus

A
  • Enlargement of brain ventricles
  • Arachnoid granules intially responsible for filtering fluid into sinuses
  • Can fail
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15
Q

Cervical Cyst

A
  • Least problemtatic of Branchial abnormalities
  • Remnants of cervical sinus and/or 2nd groove
  • Painless cyst can form from accumulation of cellular debris
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16
Q

Cervical Sinus

A

Failure of 2nd PA groove and cervical sinus to obliterate

  • Discharge of mucus
  • Typically presents bilaterally with auricular sinuses
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17
Q

Cervical Fistula

A
  • Abnormal canal that opens into tonsillar sinus and externally in side of neck
  • Persistence of parts of 2nd groove and pouch
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18
Q

First Pharyngeal Arch Syndrome

A
  • Abnormal development of components of first arch
  • Malformation of eyes, ears, mandible, and palate
  • Insufficient migration of NCC into 1st arch during 4th week
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19
Q

Treacher-Collins Syndrome

A
  • Mandibulofacial Dysostosis
  • Malar hypoplasia with down slanting palperal fissures, lower eyelid defect, deformed external ears,
  • Autosomal Dominant disorder
  • Mutations is TCOF1
  • Encodes for TREACLE protein
  • Increased apoptosis of Cranial NCC
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20
Q

Pierre Robin Sequence

A
  • Hypoplasia of mandible, cleft palate, defects of eyes and ears
  • Micrognathia (small mandible)
  • Posterior displacement of tongue -> obstruction of full closure of palate
  • Bilateral cleft palate
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21
Q

Agenesis of Thyroid Gland

A

Absence of thyroid gland or lobes

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22
Q

Thyroid Hemiagenesis

A
  • Unilateral failure of formation
  • Left lobe most commonly absent
  • Mutations in TSH
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23
Q

DiGeroge Syndrome

A

“CATCH 22”

  • Breakdown of signalling from PA endoder to NCC
  • Agenesis of thymus and parathyroid
  • Congenital hypoparathyroidism
  • Cardiac abnormalities
  • Shortened philtrum of upper lip, low set ears
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24
Q

Detached Scalp

A
  • Neurovascular supply occurs from inferior to superior
  • Gaping Injury: Aponeurosis involved
  • Non-Gaping: aponeurosis not involved
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25
Scalp Infection
Occurs in loose connective tissue
26
Bell's Palsy
- Lesion of Facial N. (CN VII) - Cant close eye - Cant use any facial muscles - No tear production/saliva
27
Herpes Zoster
- Chicken Pox + Shingles | - Depending on the nerve distribution, rash can spread exactly
28
Dislocation of TMJ
- Mostly dislocates Anteriorly
29
Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
- To anesthetize lower teeth, inferior alveolar nerves targetted - Through Pterygomandibular Raphe and Coronoid Notch
30
Upper Teeth Block
Infraorbital N. targetted for anesthetization of upper teeth
31
Tonsillectomy
- Tonsilar branch of ascending palatine A and facial A supply palatine tonsil - Must cauterize when removing tonsils
32
Orbital Blow-Out Fractures
- Fracture of the orbital walls, caused by indirect trauma - Occurs medially and inferiorly: maxillary bone - Orbital contents prolapse and can be entrapped in maxillary sinus - Diplopia, globe ptosis, exophthalmos
33
Clinically Testing Extraocular Muscles
- H- Test (review)
34
Trochlear Palsy
- Head Tilts away from affected side - Diplopia on downwards gaze - Superior Oblique muscle fails to work
35
Abducens Palsy
- Cannot look laterally with affected eye | - Lateral Rectus not operational
36
Oculomotor Palsy
- Down and Out Eye: SO and LR still intact - Complete ptosis- no innervation of levator palpebrae superioris - Pupil Dilation: loss of parasympathetic innervation of eye
37
Horner Syndrome
- Loss of autonomics (sympathetic) to eye - Constriction of pupil - Drooping of superior eyelid (ptosis) - Redness and increased temp of skin - No sweating
38
Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Bacterial ooze
39
Viral Conjunctivitis
Extremely Red eye
40
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
Bleeding of vessels beneath bulbar conjunctiva
41
Complete Ptosis
- Levator Palpebrae Superioris non functional - Responsible for opening eye - Innervated by CN III
42
Partial Ptosis
- Tarsal (Muller muscle) - Responsible for keeping eye open - Innervated by post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers - Symptom of Horner's
43
Papilledema
- Caused by increased cranial pressure | - Seen as bulging optic disc
44
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
- Hardening of CRA can compress CRV | - Shown as dilated veins and classic ketchup spots
45
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
- Caused by arthereosclerosis - Retina appears white as there is no blood supplying - Veins and arteries attenuated
46
Hyphema
Rupture of orbital vessels supplying anterior chamber of eye | - Blood stays pooled in anterior chamber
47
Le Forte Fractures
- Fractures involving orbit and skull - LeFort 1: Localized to mandible - LeFort 2: Pyrimidal separating nasal frontal suture - LeFort 3: Goes through zygomatic arch
48
Craniosynostosis
- Premature fusion of cranium
49
Scaphocephaly
- Premature fusion of saggital cranium | - Results in Long, narrow, wedge cranium
50
Brachycephaly
- Premature fusion of coronal suture | - High, tower like cranium
51
Plagiocephaly
- Premature fusion of one side of coronal suture | - Twisted and asymmetric
52
Choanal Atresia
- Bony abnnormalities of pterygoid plates and midfacial growth - Presents as upper airway obstruction, noisy breathing, cyanosis that improves with crying
53
Deviated Septum
When nasal plate is not straight
54
Glossoschissis
Bifid Tongue
55
Ankyloglossia
Short Frenulum, presented with breastfeeding problems
56
Macroglossia
- Associated with Down Syndrome | - Big tongue
57
Aniridia
- Lack of iris tissue or compete abscence of iris - Arrested development from rim of optic cup @ 8th week - No iris, large - Pax6 gene mutation
58
Congenital Cataracts
- Lens is opaque | - Caused by Rubella virus, Radiation, Congenital galactosemia
59
Congenital Glaucoma
- elevated intraocular pressure, specifically in anterior chamber - Abnormal development of drainage mechanism of aqueous humor (Schlem's canal) - CYP1B1 gene Rubella infection
60
Persistance of Hyaloid Artery
- When distal parts remain | - Shown as micropthalmic, can see with opthalmoscope
61
Coloboma
- Failure of optic fissure to close - Autosomal dominant characteristic - "Leaked" pupils - Not able to constrict pupil
62
Skin Tags
- Neurocrest cells fail to migrate | - Hillox did not migrate properly
63
Anotia
- No ears, abnormal migration of NCC
64
Microtia
- Very small ears, abnormal migration of NCC
65
Congenital Deafness
Possible Factors: - First arch syndrome - Abnormalities of mallus and incus - Congenital fixation of stapes - Rubella virus - Cytomegalovirus - Zika
66
Mastoiditis
- Infection of mastoid cells - can spread into cranial fossa via petrosquamous cranial suture - Treated with antibiotics
67
Damage to Tympanic Membrane
- Medial ear pressure/barotrauma - Or External trauma - Most will heal - Scared of tearing chorda tympani
68
Otitis Media
- Ear ache with possible fluid or pus in middle ear due to inflammation - Tympanic membrane appears red and bulged - Number 1 reason for hospital visit
69
Menniere's Syndrome
- Increased endolymph volume - Leads to abnormal signalling of dizziness, vertigo, and high-pitched rushing - Endolymph rushing the ducts
70
Viral Lbyrinthitis
Similar to above but resolves in a week
71
Causes of Hearing Loss
- Conductive hearing loss - Fluid buildup of inner ear, excessive wax, otoscleosis - Sensorineural hearing loss: reduction in sound level and fidelity due to damage to inner ear or auditory nerve - Age related and noise induced
72
Why do 80% of children suffer from otitis media before age 10
Angle of pharyngeotympanic tube too shallow, allows less drainage and pressure equalization

NE (3 decks)

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