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NE > Clinicals/Blue Boxes > Flashcards

Clinicals/Blue Boxes Flashcards

1
Q

Torticollis

A

Spinal Accessory N. Pathology
Contraction/Shortening of SCM
Head tilts toward and face away from affected side

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2
Q

Retropharyngeal Abscess

A

Develops secondary to lymphatic drainage or contigous spread of upper respiratory infections
- Swelling can cause difficulty in swallowing/speaking

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3
Q

Oculomotor Palsy (CN III)

A
  • Downward and Outward Gaze
  • Dilated Pupil
  • Ptosis
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4
Q

Abducent Nerve Palsy (CN VI)

A

Eye does not abduct in direction of gaze

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5
Q

Hypoglossal Nerve Lesion (CN XII)

A

Atrophy of muscles of that side

Tongue turns toward side of lesion

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6
Q

Surgical Access to Cranial Cavity

A
  • Periosteum has poor osteogenic properties
  • Bone is wired or plated when healing
  • Heals best when flap incorporates overlying tissues (skin/muscle/fascia)
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7
Q

Cleft Lip

A

When Palatine Does not close

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8
Q

Fetal Fontanelle

A

Skull of infant is not fully fused

  • Have crevices to allow bone growth
  • Anterior Fontanelle
  • Sphenoid Fontanlle
  • Mastoid Fontanelle
  • Posterior Fontanelle
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9
Q

Epidural Hematoma

A
  • Ruptured Middle Meningeal A
  • Over Dura
  • Localized because of sutures
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10
Q

Pterion

A
  • Junction of Frontal, Parietal, Sphenoid, Temporal Bone
  • Skull is thinner here
  • Middle Meningeal A is immediately underneath, can rupture
  • Can be lucid for several hours
  • Convex shaped
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11
Q

Subdural Hematoma

A
  • Bleeding Below Dura
  • Shaken Baby Syndrome
  • Acceleration/Deaceleration Injury
  • Crescent shaped
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12
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A
  • Cerebral A can rupture into subarachnoid space
  • Diagnosed w/ spinal tap
  • Ppl with hypertension and post-menopausal women are predisposed
  • “Worst headache of my life”
  • Probabilities of certain arteries bursting: Anterior Communicating A. most common (40%)
  • Webbed Appearance
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13
Q

Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis

A
  • Swelling of Internal carotid
  • Can cause periorbital edema
  • Chemosis
  • Abducens N. (CN VI) Palsy
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14
Q

Hydrocephalus

A
  • Enlargement of brain ventricles
  • Arachnoid granules intially responsible for filtering fluid into sinuses
  • Can fail
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15
Q

Cervical Cyst

A
  • Least problemtatic of Branchial abnormalities
  • Remnants of cervical sinus and/or 2nd groove
  • Painless cyst can form from accumulation of cellular debris
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16
Q

Cervical Sinus

A

Failure of 2nd PA groove and cervical sinus to obliterate

  • Discharge of mucus
  • Typically presents bilaterally with auricular sinuses
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17
Q

Cervical Fistula

A
  • Abnormal canal that opens into tonsillar sinus and externally in side of neck
  • Persistence of parts of 2nd groove and pouch
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18
Q

First Pharyngeal Arch Syndrome

A
  • Abnormal development of components of first arch
  • Malformation of eyes, ears, mandible, and palate
  • Insufficient migration of NCC into 1st arch during 4th week
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19
Q

Treacher-Collins Syndrome

A
  • Mandibulofacial Dysostosis
  • Malar hypoplasia with down slanting palperal fissures, lower eyelid defect, deformed external ears,
  • Autosomal Dominant disorder
  • Mutations is TCOF1
  • Encodes for TREACLE protein
  • Increased apoptosis of Cranial NCC
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20
Q

Pierre Robin Sequence

A
  • Hypoplasia of mandible, cleft palate, defects of eyes and ears
  • Micrognathia (small mandible)
  • Posterior displacement of tongue -> obstruction of full closure of palate
  • Bilateral cleft palate
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21
Q

Agenesis of Thyroid Gland

A

Absence of thyroid gland or lobes

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22
Q

Thyroid Hemiagenesis

A
  • Unilateral failure of formation
  • Left lobe most commonly absent
  • Mutations in TSH
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23
Q

DiGeroge Syndrome

A

“CATCH 22”

  • Breakdown of signalling from PA endoder to NCC
  • Agenesis of thymus and parathyroid
  • Congenital hypoparathyroidism
  • Cardiac abnormalities
  • Shortened philtrum of upper lip, low set ears
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24
Q

Detached Scalp

A
  • Neurovascular supply occurs from inferior to superior
  • Gaping Injury: Aponeurosis involved
  • Non-Gaping: aponeurosis not involved
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25
Q

Scalp Infection

A

Occurs in loose connective tissue

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26
Q

Bell’s Palsy

A
  • Lesion of Facial N. (CN VII)
  • Cant close eye
  • Cant use any facial muscles
  • No tear production/saliva
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27
Q

Herpes Zoster

A
  • Chicken Pox + Shingles

- Depending on the nerve distribution, rash can spread exactly

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28
Q

Dislocation of TMJ

A
  • Mostly dislocates Anteriorly
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29
Q

Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block

A
  • To anesthetize lower teeth, inferior alveolar nerves targetted
  • Through Pterygomandibular Raphe and Coronoid Notch
30
Q

Upper Teeth Block

A

Infraorbital N. targetted for anesthetization of upper teeth

31
Q

Tonsillectomy

A
  • Tonsilar branch of ascending palatine A and facial A supply palatine tonsil
  • Must cauterize when removing tonsils
32
Q

Orbital Blow-Out Fractures

A
  • Fracture of the orbital walls, caused by indirect trauma
  • Occurs medially and inferiorly: maxillary bone
  • Orbital contents prolapse and can be entrapped in maxillary sinus
  • Diplopia, globe ptosis, exophthalmos
33
Q

Clinically Testing Extraocular Muscles

A
  • H- Test (review)
34
Q

Trochlear Palsy

A
  • Head Tilts away from affected side
  • Diplopia on downwards gaze
  • Superior Oblique muscle fails to work
35
Q

Abducens Palsy

A
  • Cannot look laterally with affected eye

- Lateral Rectus not operational

36
Q

Oculomotor Palsy

A
  • Down and Out Eye: SO and LR still intact
  • Complete ptosis- no innervation of levator palpebrae superioris
  • Pupil Dilation: loss of parasympathetic innervation of eye
37
Q

Horner Syndrome

A
  • Loss of autonomics (sympathetic) to eye
  • Constriction of pupil
  • Drooping of superior eyelid (ptosis)
  • Redness and increased temp of skin
  • No sweating
38
Q

Bacterial Conjunctivitis

A

Bacterial ooze

39
Q

Viral Conjunctivitis

A

Extremely Red eye

40
Q

Subconjunctival Hemorrhage

A

Bleeding of vessels beneath bulbar conjunctiva

41
Q

Complete Ptosis

A
  • Levator Palpebrae Superioris non functional
  • Responsible for opening eye
  • Innervated by CN III
42
Q

Partial Ptosis

A
  • Tarsal (Muller muscle)
  • Responsible for keeping eye open
  • Innervated by post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers
  • Symptom of Horner’s
43
Q

Papilledema

A
  • Caused by increased cranial pressure

- Seen as bulging optic disc

44
Q

Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

A
  • Hardening of CRA can compress CRV

- Shown as dilated veins and classic ketchup spots

45
Q

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

A
  • Caused by arthereosclerosis
  • Retina appears white as there is no blood supplying
  • Veins and arteries attenuated
46
Q

Hyphema

A

Rupture of orbital vessels supplying anterior chamber of eye

- Blood stays pooled in anterior chamber

47
Q

Le Forte Fractures

A
  • Fractures involving orbit and skull
  • LeFort 1: Localized to mandible
  • LeFort 2: Pyrimidal separating nasal frontal suture
  • LeFort 3: Goes through zygomatic arch
48
Q

Craniosynostosis

A
  • Premature fusion of cranium
49
Q

Scaphocephaly

A
  • Premature fusion of saggital cranium

- Results in Long, narrow, wedge cranium

50
Q

Brachycephaly

A
  • Premature fusion of coronal suture

- High, tower like cranium

51
Q

Plagiocephaly

A
  • Premature fusion of one side of coronal suture

- Twisted and asymmetric

52
Q

Choanal Atresia

A
  • Bony abnnormalities of pterygoid plates and midfacial growth
  • Presents as upper airway obstruction, noisy breathing, cyanosis that improves with crying
53
Q

Deviated Septum

A

When nasal plate is not straight

54
Q

Glossoschissis

A

Bifid Tongue

55
Q

Ankyloglossia

A

Short Frenulum, presented with breastfeeding problems

56
Q

Macroglossia

A
  • Associated with Down Syndrome

- Big tongue

57
Q

Aniridia

A
  • Lack of iris tissue or compete abscence of iris
  • Arrested development from rim of optic cup @ 8th week
  • No iris, large
  • Pax6 gene mutation
58
Q

Congenital Cataracts

A
  • Lens is opaque

- Caused by Rubella virus, Radiation, Congenital galactosemia

59
Q

Congenital Glaucoma

A
  • elevated intraocular pressure, specifically in anterior chamber
  • Abnormal development of drainage mechanism of aqueous humor (Schlem’s canal)
  • CYP1B1 gene
    Rubella infection
60
Q

Persistance of Hyaloid Artery

A
  • When distal parts remain

- Shown as micropthalmic, can see with opthalmoscope

61
Q

Coloboma

A
  • Failure of optic fissure to close
  • Autosomal dominant characteristic
  • “Leaked” pupils
  • Not able to constrict pupil
62
Q

Skin Tags

A
  • Neurocrest cells fail to migrate

- Hillox did not migrate properly

63
Q

Anotia

A
  • No ears, abnormal migration of NCC
64
Q

Microtia

A
  • Very small ears, abnormal migration of NCC
65
Q

Congenital Deafness

A

Possible Factors:

  • First arch syndrome
  • Abnormalities of mallus and incus
  • Congenital fixation of stapes
  • Rubella virus
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • Zika
66
Q

Mastoiditis

A
  • Infection of mastoid cells
  • can spread into cranial fossa via petrosquamous cranial suture
  • Treated with antibiotics
67
Q

Damage to Tympanic Membrane

A
  • Medial ear pressure/barotrauma
  • Or External trauma
  • Most will heal
  • Scared of tearing chorda tympani
68
Q

Otitis Media

A
  • Ear ache with possible fluid or pus in middle ear due to inflammation
  • Tympanic membrane appears red and bulged
  • Number 1 reason for hospital visit
69
Q

Menniere’s Syndrome

A
  • Increased endolymph volume
  • Leads to abnormal signalling of dizziness, vertigo, and high-pitched rushing
  • Endolymph rushing the ducts
70
Q

Viral Lbyrinthitis

A

Similar to above but resolves in a week

71
Q

Causes of Hearing Loss

A
  • Conductive hearing loss
  • Fluid buildup of inner ear, excessive wax, otoscleosis
  • Sensorineural hearing loss: reduction in sound level and fidelity due to damage to inner ear or auditory nerve
  • Age related and noise induced
72
Q

Why do 80% of children suffer from otitis media before age 10

A

Angle of pharyngeotympanic tube too shallow, allows less drainage and pressure equalization

NE (3 decks)

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