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Y3 MOD Orthopaedics > Clinically relevant bone biology > Flashcards

Clinically relevant bone biology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the components of bone

A
  • Connective tissue
  • Cells
  • Matrix
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2
Q

Which 3 cells make up bone?

A

Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

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3
Q

Which structures make up the bone matrix?

A
  • Collagen

- Hydroxyapatite crystals: calcium and phosphorus

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4
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A
  • Skeletal support: strong, flexible, movement
  • Protection
  • Haematopoiesis (bone marrow)
  • Regulation of mineral homeostasis
  • Fat storage
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5
Q

How do the cells making up bone develop?

A
  • Osteogenic cell develops into an osteoblast

- Osteoblasts develop into osteoclasts

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6
Q

What is the function of an:

  • Osteoblast
  • Osteocyte
A
  • Osteoblast forms the bone matrix

- Osteocyte maintains bone tissues

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7
Q

What are the 3 parts of the general bone structure?

A

Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Diaphysis

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8
Q

Where is trabecular (cancellous) and woven bone found?

A
  • Metaphysis
  • Flat bones
  • Cuboidal bones
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9
Q

Describe the structure and functions of cortical bone

A
  • Dense bone of diaphysis

- Supports weight, protects organs, provides levers for movement

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10
Q

What is the function of trabecular (cancellous) and woven bone?

A

Dissipation of load

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11
Q

Intramembranous ossification bone development is seen in which bones?

A

Flat bones e.g. skull, scapula

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12
Q

Describe the process of Intramembranous ossification bone development

A
  • Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts
  • Direct production of bone by osteoblasts
  • Most do not have a marrow cavity
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13
Q

Endochondral ossification bone development is seen in which bones?

A

Long bones

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14
Q

Describe the main features of endochondral ossification

A
  • Formation and replacement of a cartilage template by bone
  • Increase bone length
  • Physis (Growth plates): key structure required for longitudinal bone growth, made of 5 different zones
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15
Q

What are the 3 stimulators of bone growth?

A
  • Genetic template
  • Hormones
  • Load
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16
Q

Describe and explain the process of bone modelling

A
  • Ability of bone to change based on the strain put on it in the developing animal
  • Osteoblasts form bone where there was none before
  • Osteoclasts remove bone to alter the shape of the bone
  • Work together
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17
Q

What is bone remodelling?

A

Replacement of damaged bone

18
Q

Describe the features of bone remodelling

A
  • Occurs within existing bone
  • Occurs throughout life
  • Rarely affects size and shape
  • Seen in fracture repair
  • Prevents accumulation of fatigue damage
19
Q

Which law is the primary regulator of bone remodelling?

A

Wolff’s law

20
Q

Describe Wolff’s law

A

Tension and compression cycles create a small electrical potential that stimulates bone deposition and increased density at points of stress

21
Q

What is the term given to decreased size and density of bone?

A

Osteoporosis

22
Q

What are the mechanical properties of bone dependant on?

A
  • Size and shape of bone + mineralisation
  • Magnitude of load
  • Direction of load
  • Rate of loading
23
Q

Name 5 forces that act on a bone

A
  • Compression
  • Tension
  • Bending
  • Torsion
  • Shearing
24
Q

What are the 3 types of bone deformation caused by load?

A
  • Elastic deformation

- Plastic deformation

25
Q

Describe elastic deformation

A
  • With loading and unloading, the bone deforms but then returns to the original shape
  • Stimulates modelling
26
Q

Describe plastic deformation

A

With loading and unloading, the bone deforms but does not return to its original shape
Stimulates remodelling

27
Q

What are 3 examples of plastic deformation

A
  • Microcracks
  • Cyclic fatigue
  • Incomplete fractures
28
Q

What are the steps leading to complete failure of bone?

A

Elastic deformation -> as stress increases -> plastic deformation -> further stress -> failure = fracture

29
Q

What are the 2 causes of stress fratures?

A

Plastic deformation and repetitive loading

30
Q

How is the matrix affected by weakening of the normal bone structure?

A
  • Metabolic effects

- Neoplastic effects

31
Q

What are the 2 causes of failure of normal bone?

A
  • Single supra-physiological load e.g. External trauma i.e. Kick wound, Hit by car
  • Internal trauma e.g. foot planted and body twists
32
Q

Fracture of a weakened bone = ?

A

A stress fracture

33
Q

In which spp are stress fractures most commonly seen?

A

Race horses

Greyhounds

34
Q

Describe stress remodelling

A
  • This is repetitive application of non-supra physiological load
  • When bone remodelling cannot keep up with bone damage
35
Q

Name some neoplasia’s of bone

A

Osteosarcoma, Haemangiosarcoma, Multiple Myeloma, Chondrosarcoma

36
Q

Metabolic bone disease is caused by?

A
  • Parathyroid hormone abnormality

- Vitamin D deficiency

37
Q

What is the function of vitamin D?

A

Amount of sunlight = Increases Ca from GIT

38
Q

What is the function of parathyroid hormone?

A

Removal of Ca from bone, decreases excretion from kidneys and increased Vit D formation

39
Q

What is the function of Calcitonin?

A

Removal of calcium from blood

40
Q

How does an increase in calcitonin lead to a decrease in Blood Ca levels?

A
  • Increases calcium ion deposition in bones
  • Decreases Ca ion uptake in the GIT
  • Decreases Ca ion reabsorption from urine

Y3 MOD Orthopaedics (7 decks)

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