Clinical skills Flashcards
How might failed excretion of wastes present?
Lethargy and malaise
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting
Hiccups
Itch
How might failed homeostasis of water and electrolytes present?
Polyuria
Nocturia
Oliguria
Electrolytes may cause HTN and then headache, visual blurring and chest pain
How might failed renal hormone production present?
EPO - anaemia
RAAS - hypertension
Vit D - increased fractures
Obstructive bladder symptoms
Hesitancy, delay, dribble, retention, suprapubic pain, frequency, incontinence
Irritative bladder symptoms
urgency, frequency, incontinence
Signs of dehydration
Dry mouth Sunken eyes Skin turgor reduced Blood pressure low Heart rate - tachycardia Capillary refill - prolonged
Main differences between spleen and left kidney
Cant palpate upper border of spleen
Spleen moves inferomedially on inspiration, kidney moves inferiorly
Percussion is dull over spleen and resonant over kidney
How would you complete a renal examination?
Examine the funds
Perform PR
Urinalysis
Temperature
Male - examine genitals
Female - pelvic examination
Urinalysis - what to assess
Colour
Transparency
Odouor
Causes of proteinuria
Renal disease Fever Prolonged standing Hypertension Heart failure Burns
Causes of glycosuria and ketonuria
Glycosuria - diabetes, renal disease, pregnancy
Ketones - starvation, fasting, DKA
Cause of haematuria
Renal disease Calculi/stones Infection Tumours Prostate disease
Cause of nitrites in urine
Infection with gram negative bacteria that can convert urinary nitrates to nitrites
Leukocytes in urine
Pyuria - infection, tubular disease, vaginitis
Signs of hyperthyroidism
Weight loss Tremor Palmar erythema Sinus tachycardia Lid retraction/lag
Goitre
AF
