Clinical Reasoning

Question 1

What does clinical reasoning of a healthcare professional involve?

Answer 1

Cognitive & physical processes that emerge when trying to solve problems and make decisions in order to develop a therapeutic management plan to improve patients well being

Question 2

Poor reasoning may lead to…

Answer 2

Diagnostic error or failure of treatment#
Negative impact on patient
Poor relationship between you and patient
Disputes

Question 3

Metacognition

Answer 3

Thinking about thinking, being aware of decision making process & reflecting on situation

Question 4

Dual processing theory- 2 types of thinking

Answer 4

System 1–> fast
System 2–> slow

Question 5

Fast dual processing theory
-relies on what
-characteristics of it
-conscious/unconscious cognition?
-automatic or controlled?
-disadvantage

Answer 5

Relies heavily on pattern recognition
Intuitive, drawing on past experiences & emotion
Feels right
Unconscious cognition, automatic
More prone to error

Question 6

Slow dual processing theory
-characteristics of it
-conscious/unconscious cognition?
-automatic or controlled?
-disadvantage

Answer 6

Analytical, problem oriented approach
Unfamiliar situations
Critical evaluation of evidence and facts
Conscious cognition, deliberate effort and control
Overthinking

Question 7

What is cognitive load theory

Answer 7

Amount of information our working memory can process

Question 8

3 types of cognitive bias

Answer 8

Availability
Visceral
Zebra retreat

Question 9

Availability

Answer 9

Considering diagnoses that more readily come to mind, if a disease has not been seen for a long time it becomes less available

Question 10

Visceral

Answer 10

Thinking swayed by first impression upon meeting a patient or client, positive or negative feelings may affect decision making

Question 11

Zebra retreat

Answer 11

Hesitation to consider a rare disease diagnosis even though it may be most likely

Question 12

Semantic qualifiers & examples

Answer 12

Technical descriptor terms that narrow or specify part of a case presentation
E.g acute/chronic, acquired/congenital, erythematous, purulent etc

Question 13

Illness scripts

Answer 13

The story or mental representation of how a particular disease typically presents

Question 14

Encapsulations

Answer 14

Compilations of a group of clinical signs eg otitis external, renal failure, CHF

Question 15

Schema

Answer 15

Large, well organised, defined chunks of information/knowledge

Question 16

What is context specificity

Answer 16

When a clinician arrives at different outcomes for different patients who essential have the same clinical presentation/diagnosis

Question 17

In veterinary Situativity theory states that the clinical outcome of a patient depends on what 4 factors
Give examples of each

Answer 17

Physician factors- knwoeldge, clinical skills, communication, well-being, experience, moitvation
Encounter factors- location, support systems, appointment length, time of day, staff
Patient factors- acuteness of illness, complexity of illness, communication, education
Owner factors- human-animal bond, finances, physical ability, education, experience, public health concerns, lack of history

Question 18

What is contextualised care

Answer 18

A way of delivering veterinary care that acknowledges that there are different ways to approaching the diagnostics & treatment of an animal, depending on the circumstances of the individual & their caregivers, and the context in which the care is delivered. We must adapt to individual case circumstances to provide the most appropriate individualised care for that patient.

Question 19

What is spectrum of care

Answer 19

A continuum of acceptable care options which would satisfy all stakeholders

Question 20

What is pragmatic decision making

Answer 20

A way of solving problems in a sensible and practical way and not being bound by certain ideas only or overacting on a single defined cause

Question 21

SNAPPS pneumonic used to present cases step by step

Answer 21

Summarise
Narrow
Analyse
Probe
Plan
Strategic planning