Clinical Psychology Flashcards
1
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Types Psychodynamic & Humanistic Theories
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- Freud’s psychoanalysis
- Jung’s Analytical Psychology
- Adler’s individual Psychology
- Object-relations approaches
2
Q
Pyschoanalysis poses the following:
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Psychological problems being due to unconscious unresolved conflicts that arose during childhood
3
Q
What are the three aspects of personality according to Freud?
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Id, ego, and superego
4
Q
Present at birth and its life (sexual) and death (aggression) instincts are the primary source of psychic energy
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The Id
5
Q
develops at about six months of age and operates according to the reality principle. Based in reality
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The Ego
6
Q
last aspect of personality to develop. It represents the internalization of society’s values and standards and acts as the conscience. It attempts to permanently block (rather than gratify) the id’s instincts
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The superego
7
Q
What happens when the ego is unable to resolve conflict between the id and superego in a rational manner?
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it resorts to one of its defense mechanisms.
8
Q
What are the defense mechanisms?
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Repression, reaction formation, projection, and sublimation
9
Q
A defense that is the basis of all other defense mechanisms and involves keeping undesirable thoughts and urges out of conscious awareness?
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Repression
10
Q
A defense that involves defending against an unacceptable impulse by expressing its opposite,
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Reaction Formation
11
Q
A defense that involves channeling an unacceptable impulse into a socially desirable (and often admirable) endeavor
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Sublimation
12
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A defense that involves attributing an unacceptable impulse to another person
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Projection
13
Q
True or False: The occasional use of defense mechanisms is adaptive
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True
14
Q
What is the pain goal of Freud’s psychoanalysis?
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“to make the unconscious conscious and to strengthen the ego so that behavior is based more on reality and less on instinctual cravings and irrational guilt”
15
Q
What is the primary technique of psychoanalysis?
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analysis of the client’s free associations, dreams, resistance, and transference,
16
Q
4 Steps of psychoanalysis
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Confrontation, Clarification, Interpretation, Repeated interpretation
17
Q
This step involves helping clients recognize behaviors they’ve been unaware of and their possible cause
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Confrontation
18
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This step brings the cause of behaviors into sharper focus by separating important details from extraneous material
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Clarification
19
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This step involves explicitly linking conscious behaviors to unconscious processes.
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Interpretation
20
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This process leads to catharsis (the experience of repressed emotions) and insight into the connection between unconscious material and current behavior and then to working through
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Repeated interpretation
21
Q
Jung’s Analytical theory poses the following:
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believed that behavior is driven by both positive and negative forces, that personality continues to develop throughout the lifespan, and that behavior is affected by the past and the future
22
Q
This consists of consists of a person’s own forgotten or repressed memories
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personal unconscious
23
Q
This consists of memories that are shared by all people and are passed down from one generation to the next
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collective unconscious
24
Q
What is the primary goal of analytical psychotherapy?
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to bring unconscious material into consciousness to facilitate the process of individuation, which occurs primarily during the second half of life and is “the process by which a person becomes a psychological ‘in-dividual,’ that is, a separate, indivisible unity or whole”
25
What are techniques used to achieve the goal of analytical psychotherapy?
include dream interpretation and the analysis of transference,
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Adler's individual psychology posed the following:
replaced Freud’s sexual instincts with an innate social interest and desire for social connectedness and adopted a teleological approach that emphasizes the effects of future goals on current behavior
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Adler also proposed that people are motivated by the following:
feelings of inferiority that arise during childhood in response to real or imagined inadequacies and by a striving for superiority to overcome inferiority feelings
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What does style of life mean?
describe the ways in which a person strives for superiority and proposed that a person’s style of life develops during early childhood.
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When is a healthy style of life adopted?
their goals reflect not only concerns for personal achievement but also for the well-being of others.
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When is an unhealthy style of adopted?
when their goals focus on overcompensating for feelings of inferiority and reflect a lack of concern about the well-being of others.
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What can develop as a result of an unhealthy style of life?
neurosis, psychosis, addiction, and other problems
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What is the primary goal of adler's theory?
to replace the client’s mistaken style of life with a healthier, more adaptive one by helping the client overcome feelings of inferiority and develop a stronger social interest
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What strategies are used to achieve the goal of adler's individual psychology?
identifying early recollections, dream analysis, and having clients act “as if” they’re already the people they want to be.
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What is object relations theory?
view behavior as being motivated primarily by a desire for human relationships, and they focus on the impact of early relationships between a child and primary caregivers (objects) on the child’s future relationships.
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development of mental representations (introjects) of the self and objects that allow the individual to value an object for reasons other than its ability to satisfy the individual’s needs refers to what?
Object Constancy
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Object constancy takes place in what 3 stages?
- Normal autistic
- Normal Symbiotic
- Separation-individuation
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Stage of object constancy in which occurs during the first few weeks of life. During this stage, infants are totally self-absorbed and unaware of the external environment
Normal Autistic
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Stage of object constancy in which stage during which infants become aware of the external environment but are unable to differentiate themselves from their caregivers
Normal symbiotic
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Stage of object constancy in which begins at about five months of age and continues until the child is about three years old. It consists of four substages during which object constancy gradually develops: differentiation, practicing, rapprochement, and beginning of object constancy
Separation individuation
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What disorders are associated with problems in the separation-individuation stage of object constancy
narcissism, borderline personality disorder, and other psychiatric disorders
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What is the primary goal of object relation theory?
to provide clients with a corrective reparenting experience in order to replace the client’s maladaptive introjects with more adaptive ones and thereby improve his/her current relationships.
42
What therapies are included in Humanistic and Constructivist psychotherapies?
person-centered therapy, Gestalt therapy, reality therapy, and personal construct therapy
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Person-centered therapy proposes what?
based on the assumption that all people have an innate drive toward self-actualization, which motivates them to achieve their full potential.
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According to Rogers, what can thwart self-actualization?
person experiences incongruence between his/her self-concept and experience
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What is the primary goal of person-centered therapy?
help the client become a “fully functioning person” who is not defensive, is open to new experiences, and is engaged in the process of self-actualization
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What are the three facilitative core conditions of person centered therapy?
- empathy
- unconditional postive regard
- Congruence
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A core condition that Empathy involves understanding the client’s perspective and communicating that understanding to the client
Empathy
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A core condition that involves valuing and accepting the client as a person
unconditional positive regard
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A core condition that being genuine, authentic, and honest
congruence
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What is Gestalt therapy
based on the assumptions that (a) people are motivated to maintain a state of homeostasis, which is repeatedly disrupted by unfulfilled physical and psychological needs, and (b) people seek to obtain something from the environment to satisfy their unfulfilled needs in order to restore homeostasis.
51
In gestalt therapy, Neurosis (maladjustment) occurs when?
there’s a persistent disturbance in the boundary between the person and the environment that interferes with the person’s ability to fulfill needs
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What is included in boundary disturbances?
- introjection
- projection
- retroflection
- deflection
- confluence
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A boundary disturbance that occurs when people adopt the beliefs, standards, and values of others without evaluation or awareness
Introjection
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A boundary disturbance that occurs when people attribute undesirable aspects of themselves to other people
projection
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A boundary disturbance that occurs when people do to themselves what they’d like to do to others
retroflection
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A boundary disturbance that occurs when people avoid contact with the environment
deflection
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A boundary disturbance that occurs when people blur the distinction between themselves and others.
confluence
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Goal of Gestalt therapy
gaining awareness of one’s current thoughts, feelings, and actions to be the curative factor in therapy
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strategies used to help client gain awareness in gestalt therapy
empty chair technique dream work
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What is dream work?
involves having the client role-play parts of his/her dream that represent disowned parts of the client’s personality.
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What is the empty-chair technique
requires the client to interact with opposing aspects of his/her personality (e.g., top dog and underdog) or to resolve “unfinished business” with a significant person in the client’s past or present
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Reality therapy proposes the following;
based on choice theory, which proposes that people have five basic innate needs (love and belonging, power, fun, freedom, and survival) and that the ways a person chooses to fulfill his or her needs determine whether he/she has a success or failure identity
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What are the five basic needs in reality therapy?
love and belonging, power, fun, freedom, and survival
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When a person chooses to fulfill his/her needs responsibly (in positive, constructive ways that don’t infringe on the rights of others)
success identity
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when a person chooses to fulfill his/her needs irresponsibly (in negative, destructive ways that infringe on the rights of others and do not always help the person get what he/she wants
failure identity
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What is the primary goal of reality therapy?
to replace the client’s failure identity with a success identity by helping the client assume responsibility for his or her actions and adopt more appropriate ways to fulfill his or her needs.
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Strategy model used in Reality therapy
WDEP model
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What does WDEP stand for?
Therapists ask for the following:
- wants and needs
- determine what the client is currently doing to foster awareness of his/her behaviors,
- encourage the client evaluate his/her own behaviors
- help the client create a plan of action
69
What is positive psychology?
is about valued subjective experiences: well-being, contentment, and satisfaction (in the past); hope and optimism (for the future); and flow and happiness (in the present)” (
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What method is emphasized to evaluate positive psychology?
scientific methods
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Example of what has been tested in positive psychology
investigated positive health by studying how positive emotions contribute to and sustain physical health
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What model is used to decribe the 5 essential elements of well-being?
The PERMA model
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What are the components of the PERMA model?
- P) refers to experiencing pleasure, hope, gratitude, love, and other positive emotions.
- Engagement (E) refers to being truly engaged in situations or tasks and is characterized by being in a state of “flow” – i.e., a state of being totally immersed in an activity accompanied by a high level of joy and sense of fulfillment.
- Relationships (R) refers to having positive and meaningful interpersonal relationships.
- Meaning (M) refers to being dedicated to a cause that’s bigger than oneself.
- And accomplishment-achievement (A) refers to striving to better oneself and accomplish one’s goals
74
What is person construct theory?
focuses on how people construe (perceive, interpret, and anticipate) events
- proposes that there are alternative ways of doing so and that people can change the way they construe events to alleviate undesirable behaviors and outcomes
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What are personal constructs?
which are bipolar dimensions of meaning (e.g., fair/unfair, friend/enemy, relevant/irrelevant) that arise from a person’s experiences and may operate on an unconscious or conscious level
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What is the goal of personal construct theory?
consider the therapist and client to be partners who work together to help the client identify and replace maladaptive personal constructs
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What are the brief therapies?
- Interpersonal Psychotherapy
- solution focused therapy
- Transtheoretical model
- Motivational Interviewing
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What does Interpersonal therapy focus on?
focuses on the interpersonal factors that contribute to a client’s current symptoms. It’s based on the medical model and views depression and other mental disorders as treatable medical illnesses
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Primary goal of interpersonal therapy?
symptom relief and improved interpersonal functioning.
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Interventions address on or more of the following areas in IP therapy:
- unresolved grief, interpersonal role beliefs, transitions, and interpersonal deficits
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1st stage (initial) of IP therapy involves the following.
therapist determines the client’s diagnosis and the interpersonal context of the client’s symptoms.
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2nd stage (middle phase) of IP therapy involves the following.
therapist uses a variety of strategies to address the problem area identified in the initial stage. Commonly used strategies include encouragement of affect, role-playing, communication analysis, and decision analysis
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3rd stage (final) of IP therapy involves the following:
therapist addresses issues related to termination and relapse prevention
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What is the focus of solution focused therapy?
solutions to problems instead of the etiology and nature of problems. Solution-focused therapists adopt a goal-directed collaborative approach and use several types of questions to help clients identify treatment goals and personal strengths and resources that will help them achieve those goals
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Type of question used in solution focused therapy used to help establish the focus of treatment as the future (rather than the past or present) and identify treatment goals
miracle question
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Type of question used in solution focused therapy are used to help clients identify times when their problems did not exist or were less intense
exception question
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Type of question used in solution focused therapy help clients evaluate their current status or their progress toward achieving their goals. Example: On a scale from 1 to 10, with 1 being totally relaxed and 10 being the most stressed you’ve ever been, how stressed are you now?
scaling question
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What is the structure of sessions in solution-focused therapy?
involves asking questions, providing feedback, and assigning a task to complete before the next session
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The transtheoretical model
integrates concepts and strategies from multiple therapeutic approaches and is based on the assumption that strategies are most effective when they match the person’s stage of change.
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What are the 6 stages of change?
- pre-contemplation
- contemplation
- preparation
- action
- maintenance
- termination
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Stage of change in which clients have no intention of taking action to change their behaviors in the next six months.
pre-contemplation
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Stage of change in which clients plan to change in the next six months but they’re ambivalent about changing, which may make it difficult for them to transition to the next stage
contemplation
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Stage of change in which clients plan to take action within the next month. Useful strategies for these individuals support their decision to change and include self-reevaluation and self-liberation
preparation
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Stage of change in which clients are taking action to change their behaviors. Effective strategies for these individuals include contingency management, stimulus control, and counterconditioning
action
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Stage of change in which clients have maintained the desired behavior change for six months. The primary focus of treatment for individuals in this stage is relapse prevention
maintenance
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Stage of change in which clients are confident that their risk for relapse is low
termination
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According to the transtheoretical model, motivation to change is affected by which three areas?
decisional balance, self-efficacy, and temptation
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Strength of the person’s beliefs about the pros and cons of changing and is most important as a determinant of motivation during the contemplation stage
Decisional balance
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Confidence the person has about his/her ability to change and avoid relapse. It’s an important determinant of whether a person transitions from the contemplation to the preparation stage and then from the preparation to the action stage.
self-efficacy
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Intensity of the urge to engage in the undesirable behavior and is usually strongest during the first few stages of change
temptation
101
This type of brief therapy incorporates concepts and principles of Rogers’s person-centered therapy and Prochaska and DiClemente’s transtheoretical model as well as Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy and Festinger’s notion of cognitive dissonance
Motivational Interviewing
102
Similar to the transtheoretical model, MI assumes that interventions are most effective when they match the client’s what?
stages of change
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What are the primary techniques used in MI?
expressing empathy, supporting self-efficacy, developing a discrepancy (helping clients see the difference between their behaviors and goals), and rolling with resistance (decreasing client resistance by avoiding arguments and power struggles
104
Distinctive characteristic of Mi is the use of what?
questions, reflections, affirmations, and other strategies to elicit and reinforce a client’s “change talk”
105
What are the different family therapies?
- extended family systems theory
- structural family therapy
- strategic family therapy
- Milan systemic family therapy
- communication/interaction family therapy
- object relations family therapy
- narrative family therapy
evidence based family therapy
- Emotionally focused family therapy
106
What are the roots of family therapy?
general systems theory and cybernetic theory
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theory was originally used by biologists to describe the functioning of living and non-living systems. It predicts that all systems consist of interacting components, are governed by the same general rules, and have homeostatic mechanisms that help them maintain a state of stability and equilibrium
general systems theory
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concerned with the mechanisms that regulate a system’s functioning and distinguishes between negative and positive feedback loops
cybernetic theory
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Loop that resist change and help a system maintain the status quo
negative feedback loop
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Loop that amplify change and disrupt the status quo.
positive feedback loop
